摘要
本文运用理想类型方法 ,试图提出并阐明一个观察行政规则制定过程的视角 :行政规则制定是一个通过特定法律程序而使不同类型知识得到恰当运用 ,为行政规则提供正当性和理性的过程。文章进而归纳出行政规则制定过程的两种范式 ,即大众参与模式与专家理性模式。文章认为 ,在价值选择领域 ,大众参与具有知识运用上的合理性 ;而在技术领域 ,过多的大众参与虽然能够在一定程度上促进行政规则正当性 ,但其耗费大量行政资源 ,无助于知识的合理运用。由于行政管制领域基本上是技术性事务 ,在一般情况下 ,专家理性模式应是优先适用的规则制定模式。当然 ,为了防止“专家专制”和偏离公共利益目标的计算 ,大众参与又是一个制约专家权力的机制。涉及中国当前行政规则制定过程 ,由于行政权力的组织和行使依然存在着高度集中化和非职业化的态势 ,本文倾向于首先从行政组织自身“制度 /结构”合理化以及行政专家职业伦理的培养入手 ,在规则制定过程中促进专家理性 ,并在此基础上通过扩大公众参与来增强规则的正当性。
We interpret the process of administrative rule making as a specific procedure through which various types of knowledge are properly applied to legitimize and rationalize administrative rules. Two “ideal types' are noted: the public participation pattern and the expert rationality oriented pattern. As far as value choice is concerned, public participation is preferred. However, excessive public participation in technical matters may lead to high costs in administrative resources without proper use of knowledge, even though the process may be legitimized in a sense. As issues involved in the administrative regulatory process tend primarily to be technical, the expert rationality oriented pattern should be given priority, with public participation serving as a counterbalance to avoid a “tyranny of experts' or calculations deviating from the public interest. Since in China the allocation of administrative power is highly centralized and its exercise unprofessional, the reform of rulemaking should start by rationalizing the institutional structure of the administrative system and cultivating professional ethics to improve expert rationality and, with that, public participation for more legitimacy.
出处
《中国社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2003年第3期113-127,共15页
Social Sciences in China
