摘要
儒家功利思想可分"合理利他主义"与"极端利他主义"两派,道家功利思想属"极端利他主义",中土佛教同样以"极端利他主义"为"大善"、为依归,它们均属"大利主义"之范畴;此外还有"义利兼忘"之"超功利"的一派思想,认为"小人"讲"合理利己主义"、"贤人"讲"合理利他主义"、"圣人"讲"极端利他主义"都不是最高层次,最高层次是"义利兼忘"。中式思想有讲"合理利他主义"者,如儒家;有讲"极端利他主义"者,如墨、道、释诸家;有讲"超越功利"、"义利兼忘"者,如后期墨家、杨朱、邵雍诸人。唯独没有讲"利己主义"者,不讲"合理利己主义",更不讲"极端利己主义",这就和西式功利思想形成鲜明对照。中式思想之全体是"际天人"而讲功利,是立于"宇宙背景"而讲功利,如此讲功利,就是所谓"大利"。"大利"之作为"中华共识"表明人类思考功利问题不止西洋一路,人类解决功利问题不止西洋一系。"大利"之作为"中华共识"表明"利己"之上有"利他","利他"之上有"利物","利物"之上有"忘利","西式功利主义"未能实现功利思想的"最后一着"与"桶底脱落",未能达至功利思想的"究竟真理"。
Utilitarianism Thought of Confucianism can be divided into two groups:Rational Altruism and Ultra-Altruism.The highest level is denial of both Morality and Utility.It pays attention to neither self-interest nor pubic-interest,neither little interest nor great interest,neither self-regard nor altruism,and it takes Utility-denial as the highest level.In Chinese thoughts,Confucianism believes in Rational Altruism,Mohism,Taoism and Buddhist believe in Ultra-Altruism,and late Mohism,Yang Zhu,Shao Yong believe in Ultra-Utilitarianism and Denial of both Morality and Utility.There is no thought that argues Self-regard,neither Rational Self-regardism nor Ultra-Self-regardism in Chinese thoughts which contrasts sharply with Western-style Utilitarianism.All Chinese-style thoughts talk about Utilitarianism based on the relation Between Nature and Human and on the background of the Universe.Such kind of Utilitarianism is the so-called Great Utility.Taking Great Utility as Chinese Consensus tells us that there is Altruism above Self-regard,Thing-regard above Atruism,and Utility-denial above Thing-regard.Western-style Utilitarianism has not been able to realize the Highest and Ultimate Perfection Level of Utilitarianism.It has not obtained the Highest and Ultimate Truth of Utilitarianism.
出处
《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2010年第4期75-88,共14页
Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
基金
2007年国家社会科学基金资助项目(07BZX039)
