摘要
大豆种植制度涉及其在全国的布局、品种光温特性与熟制、轮作制度,以及纯作、间作、套作种植方式等,是大豆生产、引种、育种、栽培技术创新的依据。优化大豆种植制度对提升我国大豆综合生产能力及效益具有决定性意义。新中国成立70年以来,一年一熟制地区的大豆种植面积扩大,两年三熟制向一年两熟制转化地区的大豆种植面积缩减,一年两熟到一年三熟制地区的大豆种植面积稳中有升。从全国布局看,大豆栽培区域向东北地区北部扩展,南方-西南地区的大豆种植面积稳中有升,西北地区是新兴的大豆高产区。历史上大豆栽培区划分的方案是基于当时种植制度的基本资料,通过调查和试验得出的结果。近30年来,大豆生产、育种、栽培技术有了很大进步,尤其是大豆栽培区域有了规模较大的变化,特别是2000年以来国家突出强调发展大豆产业的国策,各地竞相调整发展大豆产业。生态栽培区的划分是与大豆布局、栽培技术、资源利用、引种育种等关系十分密切的一项基础性工作。随着我国大豆生产的变化,及时提出新的生态栽培区划分方案,有利于调整作物结构,推动未来大豆生产的发展。为此,本文回顾了新中国成立以来大豆栽培区域的变化、品种的更新换代、机械化水平的提高、带状复合种植的推进、栽培技术的全面进步,在此基础上列述了我国五次大豆栽培区划的变迁及其特点,并对区划的动态特征进行了全面剖析,从而提出大豆生态栽培区划调整的建议。新区划将全国分为东北春作大豆生态栽培区、西北春作大豆生态栽培区、黄淮海夏作大豆生态栽培区、长江流域春夏秋作大豆生态栽培区、西南高原春夏作大豆生态栽培区和岭南四季大豆生态栽培区,共6个生态栽培区。该区划的划分和命名力求兼顾到全国耕作制度区划的整体特点和对应关系,并注意到与以往区划的衔接。
The soybean cropping system involves its distribution across the country,the lighting time,accumulated temperature and cropping system of the varieties,the rotation system,as well as the monocropping,intercropping and relay intercropping methods,serves as the foundation for soybean production,breeding,introduction,and technology innovation.Optimizing the soybean cropping system is of decisive significance for enhancing the comprehensive production capacity and benefits of soybeans in China.Since the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) 70 years ago, the area planted with soybeans in regions with one cropper year system has expanded, while the area in regions that have shifted from triple crops per two years system to double crops peryear system has decreased. In areas that have transitioned from double crops per year and then to triple crops per year, the areaplanted with soybeans has remained stable with a slight increase. From a national perspective, the soybean cultivation region hasexpanded to the northern part of Northeast China, and the soybean cultivation region in the South and Southwest has remained stablewith a slight increase. The Northwest region has performed a new high-yield area for soybeans. Historically, the division of soybeancultivation regions was based on the basic data, investigations and experiments of the planting system at that time. In the recent 30years, there have been significant advancements in soybean production, breeding and cultivation techniques, especially in thechanges of soybean cultivation areas. The division of ecological cultivation region is a fundamental task closely related to soybeancultivation, resource utilization, introduction and breeding for cultivars. Based on the review of the changes in soybean cultivationregion in China since the PRC establishment, including the northward expansion and southward shift of cultivation region, therenewal and upgrading of varieties, the improvement of mechanization levels, the comprehensive progress of cultivation techniques,and the promotion of intercropping system, especially the emphasis on developing the soybean industry as a national policy in Chinasince 2000, this review comprehensively analyzed the dynamic characteristics of the soybean cropping system and technical systemin PRC and thus proposed suggestions for adjusting the ecological cultivation region divisions of soybeans. From which a newsoybean ecological cultivation region system is proposed. The main results comprise the changes in soybean cropping regions andthe advances in cropping system, the environmental cultivation regions and changes of soybeans, the ecology of modern soybeans inChina, and discussion and prospect on ecological cultivation region of soybeans in China. Influenced by updates of soybean cultivars,advancements in cultivation and farming technology, and requirements on food security, the soybean cropping system has undergonesignificant changes. The new six ecological cultivation regions were suggested as Northeast Spring Planting Soybean EcologicalCultivation Region, Northwest Spring Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region, Huang-Huai-Hai Summer Planting SoybeanEcological Cultivation Region, Changjiang Valleys Spring-Summer-Autumn Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region,Southwest Plateau Spring-Summer Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region, and South China All Season Planting SoybeanEcological Cultivation Region. This division and naming system is considered as consistent as that of the national crop cultivationsystem, and also pays attention to the connection with previous ecological cultivation region division systems in soybean.
作者
刘方东
孙磊
王吴彬
赵晋铭
盖钧镒
LIU FangDong;SUN Lei;WANG WuBin;ZHAO JinMing;GAI JunYi(Soybean Research Institute,Nanjing Agricultural University/National Center for Soybean Improvement,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/State Innovation Platform for Integrated Production and Education in Soybean Bio-Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production/Jiangsu Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Sanya Institute,Nanjing 210095)
出处
《中国农业科学》
北大核心
2026年第3期486-498,共13页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
农业生物育种国家科技重大专项(2023ZD0403301,2023ZD04034)
国家自然科学基金(32272147)
钟山生物育种实验室(ZSBBL-KY2023-03)
江苏省种业振兴“揭榜挂帅”项目(JBGS-2021-014)
三亚研究院项目(NAUSY-ZZ02)。
关键词
大豆
种植制度
熟期组
生态栽培区划
soybean
cropping system
maturity group
ecological cultivation region system
