摘要
我国偏远地区基层医疗卫生机构医疗废物产生量少、收集处理成本高、监管难度大,部分未能得到及时妥善集中处置,开展小型化原位处置对弥补当前集中处置体系不足、建立健全覆盖城乡的医疗废物处置和风险防控体系具有重要意义。该研究系统分析了医疗废物小型化原位处置的发展基础,初步设计了设施规划建设的总体思路,全面评估了当前管理政策对小型化原位处置的适用性,并提出后续的推进建议。梳理发现:①医疗废物小型化原位处置旨在通过小型化的设施设备实现医疗废物的就近就地规范处置,基于非焚烧处置技术的小型化原位处置基本上与疫情防控和偏远基层地区医疗废物产生特点相适应。②以辅助集中处置为根本遵循,针对应急、常态化处置两个功能定位以及重大疫情、偏远地区、海岛地区、医疗卫生机构自行处置四类场景,可因地制宜规划建设固定式或移动式原位处置设施。③当前医疗废物管理政策下,小型化原位处置存在设施审批许可要求不明确,相关技术选择、装备要求、运行管理等标准规范缺失等问题。围绕美丽城市、美丽乡村建设背景下城乡医疗废物无害化处置体系全覆盖建设要求,建议多措并举推进医疗废物小型化原位处置:简化或豁免审批管理、强化事中事后监管、厘清部门监管职责等,强化风险管控;制定相关的国家和行业标准,强化技术、装备和产业支撑,细化实施策略路径等,加快推广应用。
In remote areas of China,grassroots medical and health institutions generate only small amounts of medical waste.However,the high cost of collection and treatment,coupled with challenges in effective supervision,has resulted in some medical waste not being promptly or properly disposed of through centralized systems.Small-scale in-situ disposal is therefore plays an import role in addressing the shortcomings of China's existing centralized disposal system and in establishing a comprehensive,risk-prevention medical waste management system that covers both urban and rural areas.This study systematically analyzes the development basis for small-scale in-situ disposal,proposes an overall framework for facility planning and construction,evaluates the applicability of current management policies,and puts forward recommendations for further implementation.The main findings are as follows:(1)Small-scale in-situ medical waste disposal aims to achieve standardized on-site treatment of medical waste through small-scale facilities and equipment.Non-incineration technologies are generally well suited to the waste-generation characteristics associated with epidemic prevention and control,as well as remote grassroots areas.(2)Following the fundamental principle of supplementing centralized disposal,fixed or mobile in-situ disposal facilities can be developed according to local conditions.These facilities should fulfill both routine and emergency disposal functions and can be applied in four main scenarios:major epidemics,remote areas,islands,and self-disposal by medical and health institutions.(3)Under the current medical waste management policies,small-scale in-situ disposal faces challenges such as unclear requirements for facility approval and licensing,and a lack of standards and regulations regarding technology selection,equipment requirements,and operational management.In the context of building‘Beautiful Cities’and‘Beautiful Countryside’initiatives,multiple measures are recommended to promote full coverage of safe medical waste disposal across urban and rural areas.These include simplifying or exempting approval procedures,strengthening mid-and post-event supervision,clarifying departmental regulatory responsibilities to enhance risk control,developing relevant national and industry standards,improving technical,equipment,and industrial support,and refining implementation strategies to accelerate promotion and application.
作者
马欢欢
程亮
张筝
曹云霄
冯钦忠
MA Huanhuan;CHENG Liang;ZHANG Zheng;CAO Yunxiao;FENG Qinzhong(Institute of Ecological Environment Investment and Industrial Comprehensive Research,Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning,Beijing 100041,China;Center for Innovation of Zero-Waste Society,Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning,Beijing 100041,China;Shenyang Academy of Environmental Sciences,Shenyang 110167,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)
出处
《环境科学研究》
北大核心
2026年第2期449-457,共9页
Research of Environmental Sciences
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(No.2022YFC3902305)。
关键词
医疗废物
原位处置
设施规划
管理政策
medical waste
in-situ disposal
facility planning
management policy
