摘要
进入数字经济时代,我国理论界和实务界对数据财产的刑法保护表现出依附性或独立性理论构造的混杂化特点,并采取截然相反的保护做法,这不利于精准定罪量刑。依附性保护构造在对象要件层面依附于侵犯财产罪的有体财物和无形财产性利益,在法益内容层面依附于侵犯财产罪的财产所有权和占有权。依附性理论违背了罪刑法定的基本原则,违反了法秩序统一性原理,容易导致罪刑失衡,并不可取。刑法应当明确数据财产的独立性理论构造,将数据财产的刑法保护独立于侵犯财产罪的财物和财产性利益、财产所有权和占有权。在独立对象要件层面,数据财产具有外在无形性特点,以及非统一性、不稳定性、货币无法等价衡量性的内在价值特点。在独立法益内容层面,数据财产权具有限缩性和持有权的双重法益构造。基于数据财产的独立性理论构造,在对象要件层面,刑法应当明确数据财产的特质在于数据载体所承载的经济利益,并区分适用计算机数据类个罪和侵犯知识产权类个罪。在法益保护层面,刑法应当构建经济损失和违法所得的法益侵害的二元入罪标准,塑造并列且择一的独立适用关系。
In the era of the digital economy,China's theoretical academia and judicial practice showcase a hybrid landscape of dependent and independent theoretical frameworks concerning the criminal law protection of data property.This divergence has led to the adoption of starkly divergent protective measures,hindering the accurate conviction and appropriate punishment of offenders.The dependent conceptualization relies on the tangible property and intangible property interests pertaining to property-infringement crimes at the level of the object element of the crime,and is predicated upon the property ownership and possession rights safeguarded by property-infringement crimes at the level of the protected legal interest.The dependent theory contravenes the fundamental principle of legality,violates the principle of the unity of the legal order,and is prone to causing an imbalance between the crime and the penalty,thus rendering it untenable.Criminal law ought to define the independent conceptual framework for data property separating its criminal protection from the property,property interests,property ownership,and possessory rights associated with property-infringement crimes.At the level of the independent object element,data property is characterized externally by intangibility and intrinsically by non-uniformity,instability,and a value that resists equivalent monetary valuation.At the level of the independent protected legal interest,data property rights exhibit a dual legal interest structure encompassing limitation and the right of holding.Based on this independent conceptual framework for data property,criminal law ought to,at the level of the object element,clarify that the essence of data property lies in the economic interests borne by the data medium/carrier,and should differentiate the application between specific crimes concerning computer data and specific crimes concerning intellectual property infringement.At the level of legal interest protection,criminal law ought to establish a clear,distinct binary standard for incrimination.This standard should be grounded in the infringement of the legal interest,measured specifically by economic loss and illegal gains,thereby forging a relationship characterized by independent,parallel,and alternative application.
出处
《东方法学》
北大核心
2025年第6期47-66,共20页
Oriental Law
基金
2022年度国家社会科学基金青年项目“数据安全的刑法区分性保护研究”(项目批准号:22CFX015)
2024年度最高人民法院司法研究重大课题“‘网络水军’违法犯罪类型及法律适用问题研究”(项目批准号:GFZDKT2024C01-3)的阶段性研究成果。
关键词
数据财产
依附性构造
独立性构造
计算机数据类犯罪
侵犯知识产权罪
刑法保护
Data Property
Dependent Conceptualization
Independent Conceptualization
Specific Crimes Concerning Computer Data
Intellectual Property Infringement Crimes
Criminal Law Protection
