摘要
苹果作为世界性重要果树,果实富含膳食纤维、维生素及矿物质,是健康饮食的重要组成部分。除基础营养成分外,苹果还蕴含丰富的植物次生代谢产物——苹果多酚。该类化合物主要分布于果皮与果肉中,因其显著的抗氧化活性,成为苹果发挥诸多健康功效的关键物质基础,相关研究与应用价值日益凸显。本文系统综述了苹果多酚的研究进展,重点聚焦于不同品种间多酚含量差异、主要组分的结构特征、主流提取方法,以及在医药保健、种质创新与育种、食品加工保鲜、化妆品开发及畜牧业等领域的产业化应用现状。最后对未来研究方向与发展前景进行了展望,旨在为苹果资源的高值化利用及关联产业创新提供理论支撑。
Apple(Malus domestica Borkh.)represents a globally significant fruit crop whose health ben-efits extend far beyond basic nutrition,largely attributable to its rich and diverse polyphenolic profile(APs).These secondary metabolites are mainly concentrated in the peel but are also present in the flesh,exhibiting potent biological activities,particularly remarkable antioxidant capacity.Considerable hetero-geneity exists in the polyphenolic composition among apple cultivars,primarily determined by genetic factors.Heritage cultivars,such as Antonovka and Bramley’s Seedling,consistently exhibit higher total polyphenol content(TPC)-often two to five times higher than widely cultivated commercial dessert ap-ples such as Golden Delicious,Gala,and Fuji.Polyphenols are disproportionately concentrated in the peel,accounting for up to 70%-90%of total fruit phenolics.Red-skinned cultivars,such as Red Deli-cious and Idared,contain particularly high peel concentrations of flavonols,mainly quercetin glyco-sides,whereas cultivars like Granny Smith,Reinette,and Cripps Pink(Pink Lady®)often show higher flavan-3-ol levels in the flesh.The major classes of apple polyphenols include flavan-3-ols,flavonols,di-hydrochalcones,phenolic acids,and anthocyanins.Flavan 3-ols,comprising monomers such as cate-chin and epicatechin as well as oligomers and polymers(procyanidins),are the most abundant class in many apples,especially Dabinett and Kingston Black.Flavonols are dominated by quercetin glyco-sides,predominantly located in the peel,with red-skinned cultivars generally exhibiting higher levels than yellow-or green-skinned types.Dihydrochalcones,unique to the Malus genus,are represented mainly by phloridzin(phloretin-2'-O-glucoside),often constituting a significant portion of the phenolic profile,particularly in the flesh and seeds.Chlorogenic acid(5-O-caffeoylquinic acid)is the principal phenolic acid,present in both peel and flesh,with high concentrations in cultivars such as Honeycrisp and Braeburn.Anthocyanins are present only in red-fleshed or red-skinned varieties,including the Red-love series and Pink Pearl,and are primarily composed of cyanidin-3-O-galactoside.Efficient,selec-tive,and sustainable recovery of APs while preserving their structural integrity and bioactivity is crucial for both research and industrial applications.Conventional solvent extraction methods,using methanol,ethanol,acetone,or their aqueous mixtures,remain foundational,with optimization typically targeting solvent type and concentration,temperature,extraction time,solid-to-liquid ratio,and pH.Although maceration and Soxhlet extraction are widely employed,they are time consuming and solvent-intensive.Advanced non-conventional techniques,such as ultrasound-assisted extraction,microwave-assisted ex-traction,pressurized liquid or accelerated solvent extraction,supercritical fluid extraction,and enzyme assisted extraction have been developed to improve the extraction efficiency,reduce solvent consump-tion,and minimize thermal degradation.Emerging green solvents,including natural deep eutectic sol-vents and ionic liquids,offer biodegradable,low-toxicity alternatives.Multi-parameter optimization strategies,such as response surface methodology,are widely applied to maximize yield,enhance recov-ery of target compounds,reduce co-extraction of undesired substances,and ensure scalability and stabil-ity of the extracts.The potent and multifaceted bioactivities of APs have promoted their integration into diverse sectors.In the nutraceutical and functional food industry,APs are incorporated into dietary sup-plements,fortified beverages,and health foods for their antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,cardiovascular protective,anti-diabetic,anti-proliferative,and neuroprotective effects.In pharmaceuticals,they are in-vestigated as lead compounds?or adjunct therapies for chronic diseases,leveraging multi-target mecha-nisms and favorable safety profiles,with purified isolates such as phloridzin receiving particular atten-tion.Polyphenol profiles also serve as biochemical markers in horticulture and breeding for germplasm characterization and marker-assisted selection.Their antimicrobial properties enhance food safety and shelf-life,while in cosmetics,APs provide skin protection against photoaging and oxidative stress,in-hibit melanogenesis,promote collagen synthesis,and support wound healing.Additionally,APs are ex-plored as natural feed additives in animal husbandry,improving gut health,immunity,growth perfor-mance,oxidative stability of products,and potentially reducing methane emissions in ruminants.Other emerging applications include biomaterials,edible coatings,plant biostimulants,and green synthesis of nanoparticles.Despite these advances,there are still some challenges,including limited bioavailability,incomplete mechanistic understanding,potential synergistic effects,and the need for advanced delivery systems such as encapsulation and nanoparticles.Sustainable and integrated processing,clinical valida-tion,regulatory harmonization,and the development of novel nutrient-dense cultivars are also crucial.Circular economy approaches,including valorization of pomace and peels,would further enhance eco-nomic and environmental benefits.Apple polyphenols represent a treasure trove of bioactive com-pounds with profound significance for human health and diverse industrial applications.Understanding the intricate interplay between genetic diversity,structural complexity,optimized recovery technologies,and targeted applications is fundamental.Interdisciplinary research bridging basic science,applied tech-nology,and industrial needs is essential to overcome current challenges,unlock new opportunities,and fully harness the health-promoting and economic potential of this ubiquitous and valuable fruit.
作者
郭文荣
郭术垚
邵静
包振龙
张冰冰
李增明
李粤渤
GUO Wenrong;GUO Shuyao;SHAO Jing;BAO Zhenlong;ZHANG Bingbing;LI Zengming;LI Yuebo(Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Northeast China Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center,Changchun 130000,Jilin,China)
出处
《果树学报》
北大核心
2025年第12期2978-2993,共16页
Journal of Fruit Science
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1600503)
吉林省现代农业产业技术体系建设示范项目(JLAR-2025-120208)。
关键词
苹果多酚
提取方法
应用
前景展望
Apple polyphenols
Extraction methods
Application
Prospective outlook
