摘要
数据交易市场因信息不对称与信赖基础缺失而陷入失灵困境,亟需构建适配数据要素特性的信赖保护规则。传统善意取得制度以占有、登记等具体权利外观作为信赖基础,然而数据的动态性、非竞争性特征,加之我国结构性分置与平行持有的数据产权设计,导致具体权利外观与真实处分权限之间的对应关系瓦解,占有与登记无法有效表征权限归属。因此,信赖基础应从具体外观向抽象外观转换,依托公开市场创设“场景信赖”,并借助国家信用背书与程序规范性重塑市场信任机制。公开市场规则包含三重要件:第一,交易市场具备公共性、公开性与合法设立性;第二,交易过程具有规范性、典型性、惯常性;第三,交易主体主观上须为诚实善意。符合公开市场规则的受让人能够受到分层信赖保护,在满足排他性交易与可归责要件的前提下,可被赋予高阶的积极信赖保护。对于核心数据、重要数据及未去识别化的个人数据等流通受限的数据类型,以保护静态交易安全为先,不适用公开市场规则。
The data trading market faces a failure dilemma due to information asymmetry and the absence of a trust foundation,necessitating the establishment of trust protection rules tailored to the characteristics of data elements.Traditional bona fide acquisition systems rely on concrete appearances of right,such as possession or registration,as the basis for trust.However,the dynamic and non-rivalrous nature of data,coupled with China's structurally separated and parallel-held data property rights framework,has dissolved the correspondence between these appearances and genuine disposition authority.Possession and registration thus fail to effectively indicate ownership.Consequently,the foundation of trust must shift from concrete manifestations to abstract ones,creating"context-based trust"through overt markets while leveraging state credit endorsement and procedural standardization to rebuild market trust mechanisms.Market overt rules comprise three essential requirements:first,the trading market must demonstrate public accessibility,transparency,and lawful establishment;second,the transaction process must exhibit standardization,typicality,and conventionality;third,transacting parties must act with subjective honesty and good faith.Transferees complying with overt market rules qualify for tiered trust protection.Those fulfilling prerequisites of exclusive transactions and attributable accountability may receive high-level active trust protection.For data types with restricted circulation,such as core data,important data,and unidentifiable personal data,the priority is to protect static transaction security,and the market overt rules are not applicable.
作者
申卫星
李卓凡
Shen Weixing;Li Zhuofan
出处
《法制与社会发展》
北大核心
2025年第5期130-155,共26页
Law and Social Development
