摘要
行政自动执法在实践中普及的程度逐渐提高。理论上,自动执法可以区分为全自动执法与半自动执法,但实际操作中,由于执法算法不透明、执法机关对技术高度依赖等因素,半自动执法逐步异化为全自动执法。这削弱了行政相对人的正当程序权益,同时导致自动执法错误率与道德成本上升。自动执法异化的底层逻辑在于行政执法中效能价值与公正价值的博弈。现有观点多主张在自动执法程序中嵌入陈述申辩环节来保障行政相对人程序权益,但这既难以保障行政相对人程序权益,也削弱了行政自动执法的效率优势。因此需推动从“事前预防”向“事后救济”的范式转型,在行政诉讼中对行政自动执法行为适用排除合理怀疑证明标准。提高行政自动执法的行政诉讼证明标准,不仅符合我国司法审查标准的适用趋势,还能通过司法机制倒逼减少自动执法错误率与道德风险,进而缓和效能价值与公正价值之间的张力。
Automated administrative enforcement has been widely used in practice.Theoretically,automated enforcement can be categorized into fully automated and semi-automated enforcement.However,in actual operations,due to unclear enforcement algorithms and the high dependence of law enforcement agencies on technology,semi-automated enforcement has gradually been transformed into fully automated enforcement.This transformation has restricted the due procedural rights of individuals and,to some extent,increased the number of wrongful enforcement cases and the ethical costs of law enforcement.The underlying logic of these issues lies in the tension between efficiency and fairness in administrative law enforcement.Presently,the due procedural rights of individuals are protected by incorporating opportunities for statements and defenses within the automated enforcement process.However,this approach not only fails to provide substantive protection for procedural rights but also disrupts the efficient operation of automated administrative enforcement.Therefore,the focus should be shifted from a“prevention”approach to a“remedy”approach.In the cases of administrative litigation involving automated law enforcement,the standard of proof of“beyond a reasonable doubt”should be applied.By enforcing strict evidentiary standards in remedial law,the negative consequences of automated enforcement transformation can be mitigated,thereby easing the tension between efficiency and fairness.
作者
许峭
XU Qiao(School of Law,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088,China)
出处
《山东科技大学学报(社会科学版)》
2025年第4期49-58,67,共11页
Journal of Shandong University of Science and Technology(Social Sciences)
关键词
行政自动执法
证明标准
排除合理怀疑
行政救济
automated administrative enforcement
standard of proof
beyond a reasonable doubt
administrative remedy
