摘要
数据产权登记是数据基础制度的重要组成部分,直接关涉数据要素市场化配置能否实现。这一制度的构建涉及登记的功能定位、客体、效力、登记内容审查以及登记机构的设立与准入等诸多内容和要素。这些要素之间看似独立,实则环环相扣,互为基础。登记的功能定位反映了数据的本质属性与制度内核;登记对象与内容的选择则决定了应采效力对抗主义。在明确区分登记行为和为登记服务的行为的基础上,登记对象和内容的实质审查由登记服务机构承担,登记机构仅负责形式审查,但受“红旗规则”的制约。登记机构的设置宜采数据局与数据交易所的协作并轨制,相应机构的设立在当下以行政审批为宜。与此同时,数据产权登记制度还应与公共数据资源登记在登记客体、效力体系以及治理规则上保持协同,共同助力全国统一数据登记体系的建设。
Since the same data can be held or used by multiple entities simultaneously,and the data subjects involved vary across different data scenarios,confirmation of data rights does not establish exclusive ownership.Instead,data property rights registration serves as the legal basis for confirming the data sources and data holders,while the right to use the data is confirmed through contracts.The function of data property rights registration determines what should be registered.On the premise of clearly distinguishing between the concepts of registration subject,registration object,and registration content,and given the value chain of data production,circulation,and utilization,it is appropriate to adopt a dichotomous approach based on data market segmentation and data type categorization.This approach divides registration objects into data resource registration in the primary market and data product registration in the secondary market.The selection of specific content for data property rights registration determines the registration confrontation doctrine as the optimal approach.Although data property rights registration has an adversarial function,it is constrained by the"red flag rule"(which precludes claims of ignorance when infringement is obvious)and excludes bona fide acquisition of data property rights.Whether formal or substantive examination is adopted in the registration process directly affects the quality of data transactions.Based on a clear distinction between the act of registration and the provision of services for registration,formal and substantive examination modes can be organically integrated:registration service providers perform substantive examinations,while registration authorities conduct formal examinations.Currently,a collaborative dual-track framework involving administrative agencies and data exchanges is best suited for the establishment of data property rights registration authorities.Under this framework,data authorities assume primary registration responsibilities,and provincial/municipal data exchanges may perform registration functions,provided they fulfill the real-time synchronization obligation by uploading registration records to a central system,thus achieving interconnection,interoperability,and mutual recognition.This model ensures that a registration database is unified,complete,and updated in real-time,while avoiding duplicate registration.Regarding market access for data property rights registration institutions,an administrative approval system is adopted for registration authorities,while a filing system is implemented for service providers that support data property rights registration.Finally,given the recent promulgation of the Interim Measures for the Registration and Management of Public Data Resources,the data property rights registration system should be coordinated with the public data resources registration in terms of registration objects,effect framework,and governance rules,so as to establish a unified national data registration system.
出处
《环球法律评论》
北大核心
2025年第4期53-70,共18页
Global Law Review
基金
2024年度研究阐释党的二十届三中全会精神国家社会科学基金重大专项“数据产权归属认定、市场交易、权益分配、利益保护四位一体的制度构建研究”(24ZDA025)的研究成果。
