摘要
The way sporadic Parkinson's disease(PD)is perceived has undergone drastic changes in recent decades.For a long time,PD was considered a brain disease characterized by motor disturbances;however,the identification of several risk factors and the hypothesis that PD has a gastrointestinal onset have shed additional light.Today,after recognition of prodromal non-motor symptoms and the pathological processes driving their evolution,there is a greater understanding of the involvement of other organ systems.For this reason,PD is increasingly seen as a multiorgan and multisystemic pathology that arises from the interaction of susceptible genetic factors with a challenging environment during aging-related decline.
基金
supported by Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa,Portugal,through the Mantero Belard Neurosciences Prize 2016(MB-40-2016)
the FMUC-PEPITA(2018)
the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF),through the COMPETE 2020-Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization and Portuguese National Funds via Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia projects UIDB/04539/2020,LA/P/0058/2020,POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030712,and PTDC/MED-NEU/3644/2020.
