摘要
本文试图将东亚传统社会的特征理解为"小农社会",旨在不依赖封建制等西方概念,从东亚固有的特征去理解东亚传统社会,同时以新视角去理解儒学、朱子学和社会构造的关系。儒学、朱子学一直以来被视为东亚传统社会的共通点,但学界对于为何朱子学不仅在中国,而且在朝鲜和日本也成为支配性思想这一问题却没有展开充分的探讨。本文试图结合东亚三国的统治阶层——士大夫、两班、武士的存在形态对该问题进行阐释。随着16—18世纪东亚地区集约型稻作技术的确立,作为生产主体的小农经营逐渐形成,小农经营的普遍化又导致了统治阶层与农业生产的分离。朱子学在朝鲜和日本获得统治理念的地位,与统治阶层的这一变化有紧密联系。小农社会不仅成为我们今天所谓"东亚传统"的核心部分,在19—20世纪的"近代化"过程中也维持了生命力。从这一意义出发长时段地考察东亚社会的历史,可知其最大的分水岭并不是"近代化"的前后,而是小农社会形成的前后。
This article attempts to understand the characteristics of East Asian traditional societies in light of the concept of"small farming society". It aims to understand East Asian traditions by virtue of their intrinsic characteristics rather than in obedience to Western concepts such as feudalism. At the same time,Confucianism and Zhu Xi's theory and their relationship with social construction will be studied from a new perspective. Confu-cianism and Zhu Xi's theory have always been regarded as the common grounds among East Asian traditional societies. However,it remains to be explained why Zhu Xi's theory has come to be a dominant idea not only in China but also in South Korea and Japan. This article approaches this issue in connection with the ruling classes of the three East Asian countries,namely,the gentry of China,the Yangban of South Korea,and the Samurai of Japan. With the establishment of intensive rice cultivation techniques in East Asia in the 16 th and 18 th centuries,small farming management gradually became the main subject of production,and its subsequent dissemination led to the separation of the ruling class from agricultural production. That Zhu Xi's theory gained its status as the ruling ideology in Korea and Japan was closely connected with the change of the ruling class. The small farming society not only became the core part of what we call today the"East Asian traditions",but also maintained its vitality during the"modernization"process of the 19 th and 20 th centuries. Putting the long history of East Asian societies in this perspective,we can see that the biggest watershed does not lie with"modernization",but with the formation of the small farming society.
作者
宫嶋博史
朱玫
Miyajima Hiroshi(Academy of East Asian Studies, Sungkyunkwan University)
出处
《开放时代》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第4期74-89,共16页
Open Times
关键词
东亚传统社会
小农社会
集约型稻作
传统与近代
朱子学
East Asian societies
small farming society
collective rice cultivation
the traditional and the modern
Zhu Xi's theory
