摘要
用能权是具有公私法双重属性的管制性财产权。用能权交易是我国推进绿色发展的一项制度创新,对实现能耗总量和强度"双控"目标具有重要意义。用能权交易制度旨在从供给侧实现节能降耗目标,与其并行的节能减排市场化机制还包括节能量交易和碳排放权交易。节能量交易与用能权交易的规制对象、规制手段、制度设计目的和约束功能相近,故两者存在制度重复建设问题。用能权交易和碳排放权交易的制度设计目的具有协同性、规制对象有交叉,但两者在用能权指标和碳排放配额初始分配、履约等方面存在制度衔接不畅问题。通过法学和制度经济学分析,对用能权交易、节能量交易和碳排放权交易的制度整合与重构提出了建议。中国应当取消目标节能量交易制度,并以核定用能权交易取代项目节能量交易。用能权交易和碳排放权交易的制度衔接层面,应当打通用能权交易体系和碳排放权交易体系,建立联合履约机制,即允许用能单位或排放单位在满足一定条件的情况下使用用能权指标、核定用能权、碳排放配额或核证减排量履约。用能权指标与碳排放配额在履约方面的衔接机制重点在于一级市场的对接。用能权的初始分配仅仅是为重点用能单位设定节能义务的过程,应当以公平为原则,并且采取免费分配的方式。相对于用能权交易制度,碳排放权交易制度则是为了控制排放单位对碳排放空间这一资源的过度利用。因此,在碳排放配额初始分配环节,政府应当通过有偿分配的方式以实现国家对碳排放空间这一稀缺资源的所有者权益。建立核定用能权和核证减排量的联合履约机制,既允许用能单位购买核证减排量抵消其超额耗能,也允许排放单位购买核定用能权以抵消其超额排放,并对抵消比例设定限制。
Energy-Consuming Right （ EC R） i s a regulatory property wit h characteristics of publi c and privat e law. EC R tradi ng scheme i s an i nstitutional i nnovation for Chi na ’ s green development,w hich i s me ani ngful t o realize energy saving target. EC R tradi ng scheme i s designed t o realize energy-saving goal from suppl y-side,paralleled market- ba s ed schemes i ncludi ng Energy-saving Credit s Tradi ng（ESCT） and Carbon Emission Tradi ng （ CET）. ESCT and EC R tradi ng scheme are repetitively designed be c ause of similar regulatoryobjective,regulatory i nstrument and function. Although t he i nstit utional goal are c o operative and regulatory objectives are overlappedbetween EC R tradi ng scheme and CET,EC R trading and CET are not li nked verywell i n terms of allowance allocation and c ompliance.Analyzing from law and i nstitutional ec onomy,some suggestions are provided for t he institutional integration and rec onstitution amongEC R tradi ng,ESCT and CET. Target- l eased ESCT should be abolislied and project- l eased ESCT should be repla c ed by certificated EC R tradi ng system. Joint implementation me chani s m shoul d be i ntroduc ed f or i ntegration of EC R tradi ng and C ET scheme. Energy-usingentiti es or emission facilities c an fulfill obli gations with EURallowances,certified EUR,carbon emission allowances or certified carbon emissions. Primary market i s t he key point for li nkage betwe en EUR allowances and carbon emission allowanc es. EUR allowances shoul d be allocated free be c ause primary allocation i s onl y a method to set energy-saving obli gation fo entiti es or emission facilities c an fulfill obli gations with EURallowances,certified EUR,carbon emission allowances or certified carbon emissions. Primary market i s t he key point for li nkage betwe en EUR allowances and carbon emission allowanc es. EUR allowances shoul d be allocated free be c ause primary allocation i s onl y a method t o set energy-saving obli gation for to control t he excessive usage of carbon spa ce. Carbon emission allowances shoul d be allocated wit h charge i n order t o realize ownershi pright s of carbon spa ce. Joint implement me chanism shoul d be established betwe en certified EUR and cerEnergy-consumi ng entiti es c an buy certified emission reductions to offset excessive energy c onsumption. Emission facilities c an buycertified EURs t o offset excessive emissions. There shoul d be a proportional limitation on offsets for joint implement me chanism.
出处
《中国人口·资源与环境》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2017年第10期217-224,共8页
China Population,Resources and Environment
基金
国家社科基金青年项目"碳金融市场的国家干预法律机制研究"(批准号:13CFX097)
关键词
节能量交易
用能权交易
碳排放权交易
制度衔接
energy-saving credit s tradi ng
energy-consumi ng right tradi ng
carbon tradi ng
i nstitutional linkage
