摘要
In the tourism industry, transportation is the greatest consumer of energy and contributes the largest amount of CO2 emissions （ECCE）. Airplane flights make up between 60% and 70% of all forms of tourism transport. Since airplane travel is the main way for tourists to access islands, airplane travel receives considerable attention in the study of the relationship between island tourism transportation, environment and economy. However, the pa- rameters adopted to estimate ECCE in the literature are usually either out-of-date or taken from papers not written in China. To improve the accuracy of estimates, all the parameters used in this paper are current and were obtained locally. Based on these parameters and a bottom-up approach, a more accurate estimation of ECCE for the off-shore island city of Haikou was obtained in 2012. The results indicate that 24.30% of the city＇s energy con- sumption, 33.89 P J, was due to tourism transportation, while CO2 emissions were 2.54 Mt. It is incorrect to assume that tourism is ＂an industry with no pollution＂. In Haikou, for example, tourism turns out to be the major form of en- ergy consumption in the city. This paper makes several suggestions intended to minimize the negative environ- mental impact from tourism transportation. These include recommending longer stays, a decrease in the number of flights, taxation of airplane emissions, and the setting up an environmental recovery fund.
旅游交通是旅游产业内部消耗能源与排放温室气体最多的部门,而乘飞机旅行造成的能耗与排放又是旅游交通中最大的,全球平均在60%–70%以上。离岸岛屿旅游目的地的特征是服务业比重大,进出岛屿的主要交通工具为飞机。因此,离岸岛屿目的地旅游交通能耗与排放的测算能更加清晰地反映旅游交通、乘飞机旅行造成的环境影响。国内现有的旅游业能耗与排放的测算几乎都使用的是国外5年甚至10年前的经验参数。本文采用自下而上法,最大限度地使用符合我国实际的各种交通方式能耗及排放强度的关键参数,并通过大量的实地调研,细化旅游交通组织,较为准确地测算了我国第二大岛海南岛首府海口市2011年旅游交通的能源消耗与二氧化碳排放量。结果表明,2011年海口市旅游交通能耗为27.40 PJ,占当年全市总能耗的22.10%;旅游交通二氧化碳排放总量为2.06 Mt。对于离岸岛屿旅游目的地而言,无烟产业的定论被打破,旅游业正在或已经成为海口市重点用能产业。离岸岛屿目的地旅游业为应对气候变化和节能减排,应设法延长游客的停留天数、减少进出往返的飞行次数;并在充分研究论证的基础上,适时考虑开征设立航空排放税、旅游环境税或生态补偿基金等。鉴于包括旅游交通在内的旅游能耗统计基础薄弱,建议组建专业化的旅游能源统计机构,切实加强旅游能耗统计管理。
作者
WU Pu
TIAN Mi
吴普;田密(中国旅游研究院,北京100005;中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京100101;中国科学院大学,北京100049)
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41101044)
Key Project of National Social Science Foundation of China(15AGL012)
