3Estabrooks CA, Midodzi WK, Cummings GG,et al. The impact of hospital nursing characteristics on 30- day mortality [J].Nurs Res,2005,54(2) :74 - 84.
4Morrison AL, Beckmann U,Durie M,et al. The effects of nursing staff inexperience(NSI) on the occurrence of adverse patient expe rience in ICUs[J]. Aust Crit Care,2001,14(3): 116 - 121.
4[2]Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations.National Patient Safety Goals[EB/OL].http://www.jcacho.org/accredited organizations/patient + safety/hospital.
5Bauer TM, Ofner E, Just HM, et al. An epidemiological study assessing the relative importance of airborne and direct contact transmission of microorganisms in a medical intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect, 1990,15:301-309.
6Rotter ML. Hygienic hand disinfection. Infection control, 1984,1:18-22.
7Rotter ML. 150 years of hand disinfection-Semmelweisheritage. Hyg Med, 1997,22:332-339.
8Steere AC, Mallison GF. Handwashing practices for the prevention of nosocomial infections. Ann Intern Med, 1975,83:683-690.
9Larson EL, APIC Guidelines Committee. APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings. Am J Infect Control, 1995,23:251-269.
10Ehrenkranz NJ, Alfonso BC. Failure of bland soap handwash to pre- vent hand transfer of patient bacteria to urethral catheters. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 1991,12:654-662.
