摘要
目的了解福州市工业企业常用9种金属毒物危害现状,为有效开展金属毒物职业病危害防治工作提供科学依据。方法 2013年4~11月,使用自制的企业职业卫生调查表,对福州市28家工业企业使用金属毒物的情况和控制措施实施情况进行问卷调查,并对作业场所空气中金属毒物浓度进行检测分析。结果被检测分析的9种金属毒物中,浓度高于国家职业接触限值的有铅、锰、汞、铬和镍;金属毒物使用行业超标情况涉及蓄电池、汽车、荧光灯、工艺品、电子和电机企业;金属毒物接触岗位超标的为熔铅、焊接、注汞和电镀4类。大型企业职业病危害预防措施较完善,中小企业预防措施较薄弱,常见问题为通风排毒设施不全、个人防护用品发放不足、工作场所布局不合理和不重视作业工人职业健康检查。结论福州市使用金属毒物的企业行业分布广,涉及岗位多,金属毒物使用种类多;应加强对重点行业（如蓄电池、汽车企业等）、重点接触岗位（如熔铅、焊接等）金属毒物危害的预防控制,并加强中小企业通风排毒、工艺改革等职业病危害预防措施建设。
Objective To understand the current status of occupational hazards of metal poison commonly used in industrial enterprises of Fuzhou city,so as to provide scientific basis for effective prevention and control of metal poison related occupational diseases. Methods During April-November,2013,a survey on metal poison hazards and control measures in workplaces was conducted in 28 industrial enterprises by a self-administrated questionnaire and air samples of selected workplaces were analyzed according to national health standards. Results Nine types of metal poisons were identified in studied workplaces.The metal poisons that exceeded occupational exposure limits were lead,manganese,mercury,chromium,and nickel.Violation of metal poison occupational exposure limits were found in the enterprises of storage battery enterprise,automobile enterprise,fluorescent lamp enterprise,handicraft enterprise,electron enterprise,electrical machinery enterprise;as well as in the positions that involved molten lead,welding,mercury-injecting and electroplating.The occupational health and safety management system was relatively sound in the large-scale enterprises,but weak in small and medium-sized ones.The common issues of control were poor ventilation,insufficient personal protection equipments,inappropriate layout of workplaces and ignoring occupational health surveillance. Conclusion Various metal poisons are widely used in enterprises of Fuzhou.It is necessary to strengthen the control and prevention of occupational hazards in key enterprises（storage battery enterprise,automobile enterprise）and workplaces（molten lead,welding）.Especially in small and medium-sized enterprises,ventilation and technological support should be taken into account.
出处
《预防医学论坛》
2014年第11期838-840,843,共4页
Preventive Medicine Tribune
关键词
工业企业
金属毒物
职业病危害
预防措施
Industrial enterprises
Metal poison
Occupational hazard
Prevention measures
