摘要
目的掌握饮水型地方性砷中毒（地砷病）病区降砷改水工程运行状况及地砷病病情，为饮水型地砷病的防治工作提供依据。方法按照《饮水型地方性砷中毒监测方案（试行）的通知》的要求，选取11个省（自治区）及新疆生产建设兵团为监测省（区）；每个监测省（区）在既往高砷暴露人数超过100人的病区村中抽取监测村，其中2010年度抽取81个，2011年度抽取89个；在既往高砷暴露人数超过100人的潜在病区抽取监测村。其中2010年度抽取26个，2011年度抽取19个。调查全部监测村所在县以及全部监测村的改水工程运行情况、测定居民家中饮用水含砷量，同时对常住人口进行地砷病病情调查。结果①2010年度在45个县共监测降砷改水工程225个，覆盖自然村1349个，受益人口72．66万人；2011年度在48个县共监测降砷改水工程233个，覆盖自然村1576个，受益人口84．61万人。@2010年度共调查了107个村，已改水村81个，改水工程正常运转率为90．12％（73／81），间歇运转率为9．88％（8／81），无报废工程，改水工程水砷合格率为86．42％（70／81）；2011年度共调查了108个村，已改水村89个，改水工程正常运转率为86．52％（77／89），间歇运转率为11．24％（10／89），报废运转率为2．25％（2／89），改水工程水砷合格率为82．02％（73／89）。2010年度监测未改水村26个，水砷超标户数占总检测户数的66．01％（371／562）；2011年度监测未改水村19个，水砷超标户数占总检测户数的54．99％（204／371）。③2010年度在已改水村检查23964人，砷中毒患者检出率为4．43％（1061／23964）；在未改水村检查3964人，砷中毒患者检出率为5．98％（237／3964），新发病例2例。2011年度在已改水村检查25225人，砷中毒患者检出率为4．68％（1181／25225）；在未改水村检查3145人，砷中毒患者检出率为2．26％（71／3145）。结论改水工程运行情况及水质质量不容乐观；已改水病区砷中毒患病率仍然高于未改水病区。应尽快建立健全长效监测机制，加强改水工程的管理和维护。
Objective To provide a basis for preventive strategies to national drinking-water-borne endemic arsenicosis through mastering the implementing progress of preventive measures and observing the dynamic changes. Methods Surveillances were carried out according to the provisions and requirements of ＂The Surveillance Project for National Drinking-Water-Borne Endemic Arsenicosis（Trial）＂. Total of 11 provinces（autonomous regions） and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps were selected as the surveillance provinces （autonomous regions）. Endemic arsenicosis villages with exposed population over 100 persons were chosen as monitoring villages in each province, 81 villages in 2010 and 89 villages in 2011 were selected. Potential endemic arsenicosis villages with exposed population over 100 persons were included; 26 villages in 2010 and 19 villages in 2011 were selected.The operation of water-improving projects was investigated, the arsenic content in water from resident house was tested in potential endemic arsenicosis villages and the prevalence of endemic arsenicosis based on the residents who lived in monitoring villages was surveyed. Results @Total of 225 water-improving projects in 45 counties were monitored, 1349 villages were covered and 72.66 million persons were benefited in 2010. Total of 233 water- improving projects in 48 counties were monitored, 1576 villages were covered and 84.61 million persons were benefited in 2011. （2~）Total of 107 villages with high level of water arsenic were investigated and 81 villages had improved the water quality in these villages in 2010. The water-improving projects .running normally reached 90.12% （73/81）, intermittent operation rate was 9.88% （8/81） and without abandoned projects. The projects with qualified water reached 86.42%（70/81）. Total of 108 villages with high level of water arsenic were investigated and 89 villages with water improved in 2011. Normally operated projects reached 86.52% （77/89）, intermittent operation rate was 11.24% （10/89）and abandoned projects was 2.25% （2/89）. The projects with qualified water arsenic level reached 82.02% （73/89）. In addition, 26 villages without water-improvement were investigated in 2010, and the families with high level of water arsenic reached 66.01%（371/562）. Total of 19 villages were surveyed in 2011, and the families with high level of arsenic reached 54.99%（204/371 ）. Total of 23 964 persons were examined in villages with improved water in 2010, the detection rate of patients with endemic arsenicosis was 4.43% （1061/ 23 964）, 3964 persons were examined in the villages without water-improvement and the detection rate was 5.98% （237/3964）, two new cases were diagnosed. Total of 25 225 persons were examined in villages with water- improved, the detection rate was 4.68% （1181/25 225）, 3145 persons were examined in the villages without water- improvement, and the detection rate was 2.26%（71/3145） in 2011, none new case was detected. Conclusions It is not optimistic about the operating status and quality of water-improving projects. The prevalence in water-improved villages remains higher than that in water-unimproved villages. The long-term mechanism of surveillance should be established and perfected as soon as possible, and the management and maintenance of water-improving projects also should be strengthened.
出处
《中华地方病学杂志》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2013年第1期58-63,共6页
Chinese Journal of Endemiology
基金
中央补助地方公共卫生专项资金地方病防治项目（2010-2011）
关键词
砷中毒
饮水
流行病学研究
数据收集
Arsenic poisoning
Drinking
Epidemiologic studies
Data collection
