摘要
有意遗忘是强调遗忘的有意性和指向性。对负性情绪的有意遗忘有利于个体的身心健康。本研究采用单字范式,实验一以正性、负性和中性情绪词为材料,探讨了情绪材料对有意遗忘的影响。结果发现,三类词语均表现出了显著的有意遗忘效应;实验二在实验一的基础上加入了情绪状态,探讨了情绪状态和情绪材料对有意遗忘的影响,结果发现,在积极情绪状态下,被试更多地遗忘负性情绪词;在消极情绪状态下,被试更多地遗忘中性词。表明个体对情绪信息的有意遗忘既受信息的情绪性影响,又受个体情绪状态的影响。
Intentional forgetting emphasizes the intention and directivity of forgetting. The forgetting of negative events is beneficial to mental and physical health. There are mainly a selective rehearsal theory and a retrieval inhibition theory to explain the intentional forgetting. The selective rehearsal theory claims that the rehearsal of the to-be-remembered items makes its encoding finer than the to-be-forgoten items. As a result, in the recall and recognition task, the grades of to-be-remembered items are higher than the to-be-forgoten ones. The retrieval inhibition theory claims that because of the instruction, the inhibition of the to-be-forgetten items makes their extraction more difficult than the to-be-remembered items. So, in the recall and recognition task, the grades of to-be-remember items are higher than the to-be-forget ones. Some researches have evaluated the different accounts of directed forgetting by comparing outcomes of direct and indirect tests of memory. Direct memory tests, such as free recall and recognition, require intentional recollection and awareness of previously presented materials. In contrast, indirect memory tests, such as word-stem completion, or lexical decision, do not have these requeirements and instead, memory is inferred from a facilitation of task performance in the case of studied items. List-method intentional forgetting and word-method intentional forgetting are two main directed forgetting paradigms. A few studies have examined intentional forgetting in the context of emotion or in the different affective states or with them together. These studies have mainly concerned clinical disorders and coping styles. We designed two experiments to examine how the emotional materials and affective states people experience during encoding and retrieval modulate such intentional forgetting. Two experiments examined differences in recall, word completion and recognition memory for positive, negative, and neutral stimuli and the interaction with affective states. In Experiment 1, words showed on a computer screen one by one, each words following an instruction and, after a distraction task, first to recall as many as the participants could and then to complete the word, finally, to identify previously shown words from a set of old and new ones. We used a 2 （cue type：remember, forget） ×3 （material type： positive, neutral, negative） within-subject design. There were thirty-three participants. The results showed that the free recall accuracy of the to-be-remembered words was higher than that of the to-be-forgotten ones regardless of the types of materials. That is, the positive, neutral and negative words all showed intentional forgetting effects. In Experiment 2, we used a film to evoke the participants into a kind of states, and then to complete the same task as Experiment 1. We used a 2 （cue type：remember, forget） ×3 （material type：positive, neutral, negative） ×2 （affective states：happiness, sadness） mixed-subject design. There were forty participants. The results found that the positive, neutral and negative words all showed intentional forgetting effects. In the positive moods, the participants forgot more negative words;in the negative moods, the participants forgot more neutral words. Together, our findings suggest that intentional forgetting is not only affected by emotional information, but also by mood. Our findings are consistent with the retrieval inhibition theory.
出处
《心理科学》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2012年第1期9-15,共7页
Journal of Psychological Science
基金
教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(08JJDXLX266)的资助
关键词
有意遗忘
情绪词
情绪状态
情绪一致性
intentional forgetting emotional words affective states mood-congruence
