摘要
以32个科学发明创造问题为实验材料,采用"学习8个原型-测试8个问题"的两阶段实验范式,通过操纵原型学习条件(是否有标识或插图)考察了原型的知识表征对创造性问题解决的启发效应的影响,结果发现:1)标识对原型的激活率在无插图水平上有显著影响,有标识比无标识原型的激活率更高,在有插图水平上无显著影响;插图对原型的激活率有显著影响,有插图比无插图原型的激活率更高。2)标识和插图都对问题解决的正确率有显著影响,有标识比无标识正确率更高,有插图比无插图正确率更高。3)标识和插图在原型激活率和问题解决正确率上都存在显著交互作用,反映出原型启发的思维过程是复杂的,表现出灵活性、经济性的特点。
Heuristic strategy is one of the usual strategies in problem solving. Zhang Qinglin proposed the heuristic theory of prototypal matters in insight problem solving, which can be regarded as creative problem solving under experimental conditions. According to this theory, ＂prototypal events activation＂ and ＂key heuristic information activation＂ are two parts of the process of prototype elicitation. The present study was designed to explore the influence of the two conditions of prototype learning on elicitation effect in creative problem solving Namely the influence of the mark of prototype and the illustration of prototype on ＂prototypal events activation＂ and ＂key heuristic information activation＂ in creative problem solving. We adopted the activation rate of prototypal events and the accuracy of problem solving as two dependent variable index in order to depart the process of＂prototypal events activation＂from the process of ＂key heuristic information activation＂. This study selected thirty-two scientific inventions-creations problems as the material and adopted the ＂8 vs 8＂ learning and testing experimental paradigm. First, the participants were asked to study eight prototypes successively; second, the participants were required to answer eight qestions presented randomly through oral report. And the eight qestions should be answered according to the eight prototypes supplied earlier. In the experiment, a 2 （with marks vs. without marks） ~2 （with illustrations vs. without illustrations） experimental design was adopted. Marks were the bold key phrases marked out with green ＂in the literal representations of prototypes and they can most unlimitedly embody the principle and method of science. Illustrations were the pictorial representations of prototypes which were presented together with the literal representations of prototypes. The instrument for the statistical analyses used in the experiment is SPSS 16. 0. The results showed that ： 1） the activation rate of prototypal events was effected evidently by the presence of marks on the level without illustrations （F（1,35）=11.87, p〈0.01）, and it was higher with the presence of marks, the activation rate of prototypal events was not effected evidently by the presence of marks on the level with illustrations （F（1,35）=0.03, p=0.865）; the activation rate of prototypal events was effected evidently by the presence of illustrations （F（1,35）=7.48, p〈0.01）, and it was higher with the presence of illustrations. 2） the accuracy of problem solving was effected evidently by the presence of marks （F（1,35）=17.71, p〈0.001）, and it was higher with the presence of marks; the accuracy of problem solving was effected evidently by the presence of illustrations （F（1,35）=31.84, p〈0.001）, and it was higher with the presence of illustrations. 3） the interaction effects of marks and illustrations were significant on the activation rate of prototypal events （F（1,35）=8.21, p〈0.01） and the accuracy of problem solving （F（1,35）=13.15, p〈0.001）. This result showed that the thinking process of prototype elicitation was flexible to a certain degree. Based on these results above, we can work out corresponding teaching programs in teaching activities to improve students＇ creativeness for now or for the future. What＇s more, in this study, we first adopted the activation rate of prototypal events and the accuracy of problem solving as two dependent variable index to depart the process of ＂prototypal events activation＂from the process of ＂key heuristic information activation＂. Additionally, we gained a different image representation of prototype through the presence of the prototypal literal representation together with the illustration of the prototype. This will be very helpful to the study of phased elicitation effect and image representation of prototype in the future.
出处
《心理学报》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2011年第6期619-628,共10页
Acta Psychologica Sinica
基金
西南大学国家重点学科"基础心理学"项目(西国重NSKD08002)
西南大学研究生科技创新基金项目(ky2009015)资助
国家自然科学基金项目(30800293)
关键词
创造性问题解决
启发效应
关键启发信息
图像表征
creative problem solving
elicitation effect
key heuristic information
image representation
