摘要
本文以清代江南为研究对象,从与当时的民生密切相关而且在近代变迁过程中比较受到关注的环境与用水卫生等方面入手,初步考察了清代江南的卫生观念与行为及其近代变迁。认为在传统时期,国家基本上没有关于公共卫生的立法,但在地方官府和社会的层面上,相关的观念和行为多有存在,大致可以保持自然和社会生态的相对平衡。嘉道以降,随着江南自身社会环境的变化和西方文明的输入,众多士人针对旧有卫生体系的弊端,认为有必要引入专门的管理机构、制度,制订日常巡查惩罚条令,即直接以公共和国家的权力介入卫生的经常性管理,从而使卫生事业逐渐由个别的、自为的、缺乏专门管理的行为逐步转变成系统化的、有组织的、纳入官方职权范围的工作。
The history of sanitation in China, especially in pre-modem times, has been fundamentally neglected. Baaed on Qing dynasty Jiangnan, this article undertakes an initial study of sanitary concepts and behavior and their variations from modem practices. From the perspective of the environment, water sanitation and other aspects of sanitation that impinged on everyday life when compared to modem sanitation many scholars have concluded that the Qing public health legislation was inadequate on a national scale. However, at the regional and local levels concepts and behavior concerning public health, which halanced the natural and social ecologies, did exist. From the reigns of the Jiaqing and Daoguang emperors, along with changes in the social environment and intrusion of Western civilization, sanitary concepts and practices in Jiangnan underwent a series of changes. Numerous intellectuals, considering the shortcomings of the existing sanitary system, felt the necessity to introduce expert administrative organization and systems including daily inspections, fines, and regulations. As a consequence health services were transformed into systemic and organized official institutions.
出处
《清史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2006年第2期12-26,共15页
The Qing History Journal
