Alzheimer’s disease is a dreaded outcome that affects both men and women in later years of life. While root causes of this form of dementia are not clear, various factors are known that contribute to the risk of deve...Alzheimer’s disease is a dreaded outcome that affects both men and women in later years of life. While root causes of this form of dementia are not clear, various factors are known that contribute to the risk of development and the reduction in risks based on gender and our choices in life. This paper evaluates the various factors that affect the risks of developing Alzheimer’s disease as we age. The focus of this paper is gender considerations in a mathematical model programmed in Excel. The model was first presented by Gregory [1] and was calibrated on one of the original population data sets with 50 - 50 male and female participants. This model overpredicted the risks for women and underpredicted the risks for men. A solution to this problem was found based on published values of sex hormones for men and women. Based on the expanded current model, two major factors contribute to the gender differences in predictions: gender factor values (10.5 ml·kg<sup>-1</sup>·min<sup>-1</sup> for men and 3.5 ml·kg<sup>-1</sup>·min<sup>-1</sup> for women) used in VO<sub>2max</sub> equations and a sex hormone factor that changes as hormones change for men and women with age. Smoking differences associated with gender and the risk associated with smoking was added to the model. Cognitive reserve based on education differences between men and women was also added. These are minor components compared to hormone effects. The expanded model includes an input for unsaturated fat diets and cholesterol reducing medications and use of Viagra by men that is known to reduce risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Predictions from the expanded model closely matched measured values from age 50 through age 95 for each gender with R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.99, which were highly significant (p = 0.001). The expanded model predictions matched the reduced lifetime risk for men and women associated with a data set that included a population with the opportunity to use statins and Viagra. The expanded model seems to work well for both men and women.展开更多
Under the mass media effect,media both enable and constrain the audience to shape their gender identity.The purpose of this article is to review and consider the role media plays in the process of construction of cont...Under the mass media effect,media both enable and constrain the audience to shape their gender identity.The purpose of this article is to review and consider the role media plays in the process of construction of contemporary gendered identities;especially the relationship among men,masculinity and media.展开更多
Objective To investigate the effect of gender differences in distal femoral geometry on the clinical outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods From March 2003 to October 2006,213 cases with 294 osteoarthritic ...Objective To investigate the effect of gender differences in distal femoral geometry on the clinical outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods From March 2003 to October 2006,213 cases with 294 osteoarthritic knees who展开更多
目的探究社会经济地位(socioeconomic status,SES)在性别与衰弱间的中介效应,为预防衰弱提供依据。方法基于2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)≥45岁受访者数据,采用χ^(2)检验分...目的探究社会经济地位(socioeconomic status,SES)在性别与衰弱间的中介效应,为预防衰弱提供依据。方法基于2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)≥45岁受访者数据,采用χ^(2)检验分析不同特征个体的衰弱检出情况,采用Bootstrap法的中介效应模型验证SES在性别与衰弱关系中的作用。结果≥45岁中老年群体衰弱检出率为34.70%,且女性(37.59%)高于男性(30.57%)(χ^(2)=34.672,P<0.001)。控制年龄、婚姻状况、居住地后,女性衰弱风险高于男性(OR=1.318,95%CI:1.181~1.470,P<0.001);女性SES水平低于男性(β=-1.282,P<0.001);SES与衰弱呈负相关(OR=0.928,95%CI:0.916~0.948,P<0.001)。Bootstrap法检验结果表明,SES对衰弱的间接效应(natural indirect effect,NIE)为0.056(95%CI:0.040~0.073,P<0.001),占总效应的25.5%。结论我国中老年群体衰弱问题严峻,SES在性别与衰弱间起部分中介作用,衰弱防治策略应重视不同SES梯度下的性别差异。展开更多
文摘Alzheimer’s disease is a dreaded outcome that affects both men and women in later years of life. While root causes of this form of dementia are not clear, various factors are known that contribute to the risk of development and the reduction in risks based on gender and our choices in life. This paper evaluates the various factors that affect the risks of developing Alzheimer’s disease as we age. The focus of this paper is gender considerations in a mathematical model programmed in Excel. The model was first presented by Gregory [1] and was calibrated on one of the original population data sets with 50 - 50 male and female participants. This model overpredicted the risks for women and underpredicted the risks for men. A solution to this problem was found based on published values of sex hormones for men and women. Based on the expanded current model, two major factors contribute to the gender differences in predictions: gender factor values (10.5 ml·kg<sup>-1</sup>·min<sup>-1</sup> for men and 3.5 ml·kg<sup>-1</sup>·min<sup>-1</sup> for women) used in VO<sub>2max</sub> equations and a sex hormone factor that changes as hormones change for men and women with age. Smoking differences associated with gender and the risk associated with smoking was added to the model. Cognitive reserve based on education differences between men and women was also added. These are minor components compared to hormone effects. The expanded model includes an input for unsaturated fat diets and cholesterol reducing medications and use of Viagra by men that is known to reduce risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Predictions from the expanded model closely matched measured values from age 50 through age 95 for each gender with R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.99, which were highly significant (p = 0.001). The expanded model predictions matched the reduced lifetime risk for men and women associated with a data set that included a population with the opportunity to use statins and Viagra. The expanded model seems to work well for both men and women.
文摘Under the mass media effect,media both enable and constrain the audience to shape their gender identity.The purpose of this article is to review and consider the role media plays in the process of construction of contemporary gendered identities;especially the relationship among men,masculinity and media.
文摘Objective To investigate the effect of gender differences in distal femoral geometry on the clinical outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods From March 2003 to October 2006,213 cases with 294 osteoarthritic knees who
文摘目的探究社会经济地位(socioeconomic status,SES)在性别与衰弱间的中介效应,为预防衰弱提供依据。方法基于2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)≥45岁受访者数据,采用χ^(2)检验分析不同特征个体的衰弱检出情况,采用Bootstrap法的中介效应模型验证SES在性别与衰弱关系中的作用。结果≥45岁中老年群体衰弱检出率为34.70%,且女性(37.59%)高于男性(30.57%)(χ^(2)=34.672,P<0.001)。控制年龄、婚姻状况、居住地后,女性衰弱风险高于男性(OR=1.318,95%CI:1.181~1.470,P<0.001);女性SES水平低于男性(β=-1.282,P<0.001);SES与衰弱呈负相关(OR=0.928,95%CI:0.916~0.948,P<0.001)。Bootstrap法检验结果表明,SES对衰弱的间接效应(natural indirect effect,NIE)为0.056(95%CI:0.040~0.073,P<0.001),占总效应的25.5%。结论我国中老年群体衰弱问题严峻,SES在性别与衰弱间起部分中介作用,衰弱防治策略应重视不同SES梯度下的性别差异。
