Method validation presents a detailed investigation of analytical method and provision of the evidence that the method, when correctly applied, produces results that fit to the purpose. In order to achieve the method ...Method validation presents a detailed investigation of analytical method and provision of the evidence that the method, when correctly applied, produces results that fit to the purpose. In order to achieve the method validation scope efficiently, experimental design presents a very useful tool. The greatest benefits of such approach could be seen in robustness testing through the provision of very useful data about the control of the chromatograp6hic system during the routine application. In this paper, robustness testing of the LC method proposed for the determination of raloxifene hydrochloride and its four impurities was done employing Plackett-Burman design. Applying this design, the effect of five real factors （acetonitrile content, sodium dodecyl sulfate content, column temperature, pH of the mobile phase and flow rate） on the corresponding resolution factors was investigated through twelve experiments. Furthermore, the insignificance intervals for significant factors were calculated and the parameters for system suitability tests were defined. Eventually, the other validation parameters were tested and the effectiveness of the proposed analytical method with a high degree of accuracy was confirmed.展开更多
DOE （design of experiments） is a systematic, rigorous approach to engineering problem-solving that applies principles and techniques at the data collection stage so as to ensure the generation of valid, defensible, ...DOE （design of experiments） is a systematic, rigorous approach to engineering problem-solving that applies principles and techniques at the data collection stage so as to ensure the generation of valid, defensible, and supportable engineering conclusions. This paper presents a comparison of three different experimental designs （full experimental design, fractional design and Taguchi design） aimed at studying the effects of cutting parameters variations on surface finish. The results revealed that the effects obtained by analyzing both fractional and Taguchi designs were comparable to the main effects and two-level interactions obtained by the full factorial design. Thus, we conclude that full factorial design appear to be reliable and more economical since they permit to reduce by a factor the amount of time and effort required to conduct the experimental design without losing valuable information. Thus, we conclude that full factorial design appear to be reliable and more economical and without losing valuable information.展开更多
Different Ziegler-Natta catalysts were employed to polymerize ethylene. To investigate the influences of reaction parameters, namely Al/Ti molar ratio, hydrogen and processing parameters, i.e. ethylene pressure and te...Different Ziegler-Natta catalysts were employed to polymerize ethylene. To investigate the influences of reaction parameters, namely Al/Ti molar ratio, hydrogen and processing parameters, i.e. ethylene pressure and temperature, a Taguchi experimental design was worked out. An L27 orthogonal array was chosen to take the above-mentioned parameters and relevant interactions into account. Response surface method was the tool used to analyze the experimental design results. Al/Ti, ethylene pressure and temperature were selected as experimental design factors, and catalyst activity and polymerization yield were the response parameters. Increasing pressure, due to an increment in monomer accessibility, and rising Al/Ti, because of higher reduction in the catalysts, cause an increase in both polymerization yield and catalyst activity. Nonetheless, a higher temperature, thanks to reducing ethylene solubility in the slurry medium and partially catalyst destruction, lead to a reduction in both response parameters. A synergistic effect was also observed between temperature and pressure. All catalyst activities will reduce in the presence of hydrogen. Molecular weight also shows a decline in the presence of hydrogen as a transfer agent. However, the polydispersity index remains approximately intact. Using SEM, various morphologies, owing to different catalyst morphologies, were seen for the polyethylene.展开更多
Mixed-variable problems are inevitable in engineering. However, few researches pay attention to discrete variables. This paper proposed a mixed-variable experimental design method (ODCD): first, the design variables w...Mixed-variable problems are inevitable in engineering. However, few researches pay attention to discrete variables. This paper proposed a mixed-variable experimental design method (ODCD): first, the design variables were divided into discrete variables and continuous variables;then, the DVD method was employed for handling discrete variables, the LHD method was applied for continuous variables, and finally, a Columnwise-Pairwise Algorithm was used for the overall optimization of the design matrix. Experimental results demonstrated that the ODCD method outperforms in terms of the sample space coverage performance.展开更多
Excitation parameter preferences are key factors a ecting the performance of magnetic frequency mixing detection.A uniform experimental design method was used to analyze this influence.Using fuzzy theory,a comprehensi...Excitation parameter preferences are key factors a ecting the performance of magnetic frequency mixing detection.A uniform experimental design method was used to analyze this influence.Using fuzzy theory,a comprehensive model is established for evaluating the e ect of magnetic frequency mixing.A polynomial is selected as the regression function to express explicitly the correlation between the excitation parameters and the frequency-mixing e ect.The excitation parameters were then optimized using genetic algorithm.Magnetic frequency mixing experiments were conducted to measure the surface hardness of some ferromagnetic materials.Frequency mixing is further enhanced under the optimal settings,resulting in an improvement in the measurement sensitivity.The results of this study support the application of the magnetic frequency mixing technique in non-destructive testing.展开更多
艺术设计研究领域正在经历着一场深刻的变革。原型——这个曾经只是验证功能的简单工具,如今正演变为融合认知建构、文化表达与知识生成的复杂中介。文章系统梳理了交互式数字原型(Interactive Digital Prototype,IDP)的理论基础与实验...艺术设计研究领域正在经历着一场深刻的变革。原型——这个曾经只是验证功能的简单工具,如今正演变为融合认知建构、文化表达与知识生成的复杂中介。文章系统梳理了交互式数字原型(Interactive Digital Prototype,IDP)的理论基础与实验设计方法,指出当前原型研究正经历从“创作测量”向“知识生产”范式的转变。通过比较Odom、Camburn、Dow等学者提出的原型类型划分、认知机制及快速迭代模型,总结了IDP在数字人文语境中的研究功能与评价路径,并结合中国本土教育、展陈及文化实践案例,提出一套系统的实验方法比较框架。研究表明,IDP具备多模态集成、动态反馈与参与式构建的特征,展现出推动跨学科知识生成的潜力。未来研究应聚焦多源数据整合、情境建模与文化编码机制,推动原型从单一表达工具向认知研究平台转变,在新文科建设背景下拓展设计学与社会科学的交叉创新路径。展开更多
基金the Ministry of Education and Science ofthe Republic of Serbia for supporting these investigations through the Project 172052
文摘Method validation presents a detailed investigation of analytical method and provision of the evidence that the method, when correctly applied, produces results that fit to the purpose. In order to achieve the method validation scope efficiently, experimental design presents a very useful tool. The greatest benefits of such approach could be seen in robustness testing through the provision of very useful data about the control of the chromatograp6hic system during the routine application. In this paper, robustness testing of the LC method proposed for the determination of raloxifene hydrochloride and its four impurities was done employing Plackett-Burman design. Applying this design, the effect of five real factors （acetonitrile content, sodium dodecyl sulfate content, column temperature, pH of the mobile phase and flow rate） on the corresponding resolution factors was investigated through twelve experiments. Furthermore, the insignificance intervals for significant factors were calculated and the parameters for system suitability tests were defined. Eventually, the other validation parameters were tested and the effectiveness of the proposed analytical method with a high degree of accuracy was confirmed.
文摘DOE （design of experiments） is a systematic, rigorous approach to engineering problem-solving that applies principles and techniques at the data collection stage so as to ensure the generation of valid, defensible, and supportable engineering conclusions. This paper presents a comparison of three different experimental designs （full experimental design, fractional design and Taguchi design） aimed at studying the effects of cutting parameters variations on surface finish. The results revealed that the effects obtained by analyzing both fractional and Taguchi designs were comparable to the main effects and two-level interactions obtained by the full factorial design. Thus, we conclude that full factorial design appear to be reliable and more economical since they permit to reduce by a factor the amount of time and effort required to conduct the experimental design without losing valuable information. Thus, we conclude that full factorial design appear to be reliable and more economical and without losing valuable information.
文摘Different Ziegler-Natta catalysts were employed to polymerize ethylene. To investigate the influences of reaction parameters, namely Al/Ti molar ratio, hydrogen and processing parameters, i.e. ethylene pressure and temperature, a Taguchi experimental design was worked out. An L27 orthogonal array was chosen to take the above-mentioned parameters and relevant interactions into account. Response surface method was the tool used to analyze the experimental design results. Al/Ti, ethylene pressure and temperature were selected as experimental design factors, and catalyst activity and polymerization yield were the response parameters. Increasing pressure, due to an increment in monomer accessibility, and rising Al/Ti, because of higher reduction in the catalysts, cause an increase in both polymerization yield and catalyst activity. Nonetheless, a higher temperature, thanks to reducing ethylene solubility in the slurry medium and partially catalyst destruction, lead to a reduction in both response parameters. A synergistic effect was also observed between temperature and pressure. All catalyst activities will reduce in the presence of hydrogen. Molecular weight also shows a decline in the presence of hydrogen as a transfer agent. However, the polydispersity index remains approximately intact. Using SEM, various morphologies, owing to different catalyst morphologies, were seen for the polyethylene.
文摘Mixed-variable problems are inevitable in engineering. However, few researches pay attention to discrete variables. This paper proposed a mixed-variable experimental design method (ODCD): first, the design variables were divided into discrete variables and continuous variables;then, the DVD method was employed for handling discrete variables, the LHD method was applied for continuous variables, and finally, a Columnwise-Pairwise Algorithm was used for the overall optimization of the design matrix. Experimental results demonstrated that the ODCD method outperforms in terms of the sample space coverage performance.
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFF0209703)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11972053,11527801).
文摘Excitation parameter preferences are key factors a ecting the performance of magnetic frequency mixing detection.A uniform experimental design method was used to analyze this influence.Using fuzzy theory,a comprehensive model is established for evaluating the e ect of magnetic frequency mixing.A polynomial is selected as the regression function to express explicitly the correlation between the excitation parameters and the frequency-mixing e ect.The excitation parameters were then optimized using genetic algorithm.Magnetic frequency mixing experiments were conducted to measure the surface hardness of some ferromagnetic materials.Frequency mixing is further enhanced under the optimal settings,resulting in an improvement in the measurement sensitivity.The results of this study support the application of the magnetic frequency mixing technique in non-destructive testing.
文摘艺术设计研究领域正在经历着一场深刻的变革。原型——这个曾经只是验证功能的简单工具,如今正演变为融合认知建构、文化表达与知识生成的复杂中介。文章系统梳理了交互式数字原型(Interactive Digital Prototype,IDP)的理论基础与实验设计方法,指出当前原型研究正经历从“创作测量”向“知识生产”范式的转变。通过比较Odom、Camburn、Dow等学者提出的原型类型划分、认知机制及快速迭代模型,总结了IDP在数字人文语境中的研究功能与评价路径,并结合中国本土教育、展陈及文化实践案例,提出一套系统的实验方法比较框架。研究表明,IDP具备多模态集成、动态反馈与参与式构建的特征,展现出推动跨学科知识生成的潜力。未来研究应聚焦多源数据整合、情境建模与文化编码机制,推动原型从单一表达工具向认知研究平台转变,在新文科建设背景下拓展设计学与社会科学的交叉创新路径。
