Cold-surge events can lead to temperature drops and strong winds,which then leads to upper-ocean cooling and deepening of the mixed-layer depth,as illustrated in previous studies.In this study,based on the temperature...Cold-surge events can lead to temperature drops and strong winds,which then leads to upper-ocean cooling and deepening of the mixed-layer depth,as illustrated in previous studies.In this study,based on the temperature drop of Shanwei meteorological station,two extreme cold surges and five weak cold invasions in the South China Sea are simulated using an ocean-atmosphere coupled model to investigate their different impacts on the upper-ocean temperature.The diffusion term contributes to the difference in temperature tendency of the upper 20 m,while the advection term contributes to the positive difference from 20 to 80 m of the offshore region and negative difference from 80 to 160 m.In addition,the significant differences are attributed primarily to the influence of the upper-ocean temperature gradient,which subsequently impacts the advection term and results in notable differences in temperature tendency at depths from 80 to 160 m.展开更多
CTD temperature, salinity and ADCP current data, which were observed by R/V Shiyan No. 3 during the intensive observational period (IOP) of the South China Sea monsoon experiment (SCSMEX), have been analyzed. Some st...CTD temperature, salinity and ADCP current data, which were observed by R/V Shiyan No. 3 during the intensive observational period (IOP) of the South China Sea monsoon experiment (SCSMEX), have been analyzed. Some study results from observations at a mooring station located at the vicinity of continental slope off the south of Dongsha Islands are shown. The dynamic and thermody namic structures as wall as their changes are analyzed to describe the upper-ocean variation in the northern South China Sea during the summer monsoon onset and maintaining periods. The response of near surface water temperature, salinity and current to local sea surface winds is also discussed.展开更多
In this study a coupled air-sea-wave model system, containing the model components of GRAPES-TCM, ECOM-si and WAVEWATCH III, is established based on an air-sea coupled model. The changes of wave state and the effects ...In this study a coupled air-sea-wave model system, containing the model components of GRAPES-TCM, ECOM-si and WAVEWATCH III, is established based on an air-sea coupled model. The changes of wave state and the effects of sea spray are both considered. Using the complex air-sea-wave model, a set of idealized simulations was applied to investigate the effects of air-sea-wave interaction in the upper ocean. Results show that air-wave coupling can strengthen tropical cyclones while air-sea coupling can weaken them; and air-sea-wave coupling is comparable to that of air-sea coupling, as the intensity is almost unchanged with the wave model coupled to the air-sea coupled model.The mixing by vertical advection is strengthened if the wave effect is considered, and causes much more obvious sea surface temperature(SST) decreases in the upper ocean in the air-sea coupled model. Air-wave coupling strengthens the air-sea heat exchange, while the thermodynamic coupling between the atmosphere and ocean weakens the air-sea heat exchange: the air-sea-wave coupling is the result of their balance. The wave field distribution characteristic is determined by the wind field. Experiments are also conducted to simulate ocean responses to different mixed layer depths.With increasing depth of the initial mixed layer, the decrease of SST weakens, but the temperature decrease of deeper layers is enhanced and the loss of heat in the upper ocean is increased. The significant wave height is larger when the initial mixed layer depth increases.展开更多
Global warming induced by increased CO_(2) has caused marked changes in the ocean.Previous estimates of ocean salinity change in response to global warming have considerable ambiguity,largely attributable to the diver...Global warming induced by increased CO_(2) has caused marked changes in the ocean.Previous estimates of ocean salinity change in response to global warming have considerable ambiguity,largely attributable to the diverse sensitivities of surface fluxes.This study utilizes data from the Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project to investigate how ocean salinity responds to perturbations of surface fluxes.The findings indicate the emergence of a sea surface salinity(SSS)dipole pattern predominantly in the North Atlantic and Pacific fresh pools,driven by surface flux perturbations.This results in an intensification of the“salty gets saltier and fresh gets fresher”SSS pattern across the global ocean.The spatial pattern amplification(PA)of SSS under global warming is estimated to be approximately 11.5%,with surface water flux perturbations being the most significant contributor to salinity PA,accounting for 8.1% of the change after 70 years in experiments since pre-industrial control(piControl).Notably,the zonal-depth distribution of salinity in the upper ocean exhibits lighter seawater above the denser water,with bowed isopycnals in the upper 400 m.This stable stratification inhibits vertical mixing of salinity and temperature.In response to the flux perturbations,there is a strong positive feedback due to consequent freshening.It is hypothesized that under global warming,an SSS amplification of 7.2%/℃ and a mixed-layer depth amplification of 12.5%/℃ will occur in the global ocean.It suggests that the salinity effect can exert a more stable ocean to hinder the downward transfer of heat,which provides positive feedback to future global warming.展开更多
基于高分辨率的天气预报模式(Weather Research and Forecasting Model,WRF)与海洋环流模式(Hybrid Coordinate Oceanic Circulation Model,HYCOM)耦合数值模拟,对比观测台风最佳路径数据集和PISTON(Propagation of Intraseasonal Tropi...基于高分辨率的天气预报模式(Weather Research and Forecasting Model,WRF)与海洋环流模式(Hybrid Coordinate Oceanic Circulation Model,HYCOM)耦合数值模拟,对比观测台风最佳路径数据集和PISTON(Propagation of Intraseasonal Tropical Oscillations)项目提供的浮标观测数据,通过敏感性试验评估三种微物理参数化方案对1822号超强台风“山竹(Mangkhut)”的路径、强度演变和上层海洋响应的影响.研究表明:海-气耦合模式能在一定程度上模拟台风的移动路径与强度特征,但在台风初期会出现对强度的高估.还能模拟台风造成的海表面温度和盐度空间分布的不对称性.与浮标观测数据相比,海-气耦合模式会略高估海洋冷却与盐度的增加幅度.微物理参数化方案对Mangkhut的模拟有一定影响,Morrison方案对最低平均海平面气压和10 m高度处最大风速的模拟误差较WSM6与Thompson方案低,但该方案会高估海洋表层冷却,因而对Mangkhut成熟到衰减初期的风速模拟偏低. Morrison方案对三小时累积降水量的模拟在Mangkhut前期大于WSM6方案,中后期小于WSM6方案,而与Thompson方案相比,整体相差不大.微物理参数化方案对海洋表面对台风响应的模拟有一定影响,但敏感性有限.海洋表面的热盐变化同时与台风强度和移速有关,海表面温度和海表面盐度的变化幅度都随台风强度的增大而增大,随着台风移速的增大而减小,而台风的强度与移速对于海表响应的影响存在一定的相关性.展开更多
基金jointly supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)[grant number SML2023SP240]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 92158204]。
文摘Cold-surge events can lead to temperature drops and strong winds,which then leads to upper-ocean cooling and deepening of the mixed-layer depth,as illustrated in previous studies.In this study,based on the temperature drop of Shanwei meteorological station,two extreme cold surges and five weak cold invasions in the South China Sea are simulated using an ocean-atmosphere coupled model to investigate their different impacts on the upper-ocean temperature.The diffusion term contributes to the difference in temperature tendency of the upper 20 m,while the advection term contributes to the positive difference from 20 to 80 m of the offshore region and negative difference from 80 to 160 m.In addition,the significant differences are attributed primarily to the influence of the upper-ocean temperature gradient,which subsequently impacts the advection term and results in notable differences in temperature tendency at depths from 80 to 160 m.
基金South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) and by the Guangdong Provincial NaturalScience Foundation under contract No. 97027
文摘CTD temperature, salinity and ADCP current data, which were observed by R/V Shiyan No. 3 during the intensive observational period (IOP) of the South China Sea monsoon experiment (SCSMEX), have been analyzed. Some study results from observations at a mooring station located at the vicinity of continental slope off the south of Dongsha Islands are shown. The dynamic and thermody namic structures as wall as their changes are analyzed to describe the upper-ocean variation in the northern South China Sea during the summer monsoon onset and maintaining periods. The response of near surface water temperature, salinity and current to local sea surface winds is also discussed.
基金"973"Project(2013CB430305)Special Scientific Research Fund of Meteorological Public Welfare of China(GYHY201206006,GYHY 201106004)Shanghai Meteorological Service(TD201403)
文摘In this study a coupled air-sea-wave model system, containing the model components of GRAPES-TCM, ECOM-si and WAVEWATCH III, is established based on an air-sea coupled model. The changes of wave state and the effects of sea spray are both considered. Using the complex air-sea-wave model, a set of idealized simulations was applied to investigate the effects of air-sea-wave interaction in the upper ocean. Results show that air-wave coupling can strengthen tropical cyclones while air-sea coupling can weaken them; and air-sea-wave coupling is comparable to that of air-sea coupling, as the intensity is almost unchanged with the wave model coupled to the air-sea coupled model.The mixing by vertical advection is strengthened if the wave effect is considered, and causes much more obvious sea surface temperature(SST) decreases in the upper ocean in the air-sea coupled model. Air-wave coupling strengthens the air-sea heat exchange, while the thermodynamic coupling between the atmosphere and ocean weakens the air-sea heat exchange: the air-sea-wave coupling is the result of their balance. The wave field distribution characteristic is determined by the wind field. Experiments are also conducted to simulate ocean responses to different mixed layer depths.With increasing depth of the initial mixed layer, the decrease of SST weakens, but the temperature decrease of deeper layers is enhanced and the loss of heat in the upper ocean is increased. The significant wave height is larger when the initial mixed layer depth increases.
基金supported by the Laoshan Laboratory[grant number LSKJ202202403]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42030410]+1 种基金additionally supported by the Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUISTJiangsu Innovation Research Group[grant number JSSCTD202346]。
文摘Global warming induced by increased CO_(2) has caused marked changes in the ocean.Previous estimates of ocean salinity change in response to global warming have considerable ambiguity,largely attributable to the diverse sensitivities of surface fluxes.This study utilizes data from the Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project to investigate how ocean salinity responds to perturbations of surface fluxes.The findings indicate the emergence of a sea surface salinity(SSS)dipole pattern predominantly in the North Atlantic and Pacific fresh pools,driven by surface flux perturbations.This results in an intensification of the“salty gets saltier and fresh gets fresher”SSS pattern across the global ocean.The spatial pattern amplification(PA)of SSS under global warming is estimated to be approximately 11.5%,with surface water flux perturbations being the most significant contributor to salinity PA,accounting for 8.1% of the change after 70 years in experiments since pre-industrial control(piControl).Notably,the zonal-depth distribution of salinity in the upper ocean exhibits lighter seawater above the denser water,with bowed isopycnals in the upper 400 m.This stable stratification inhibits vertical mixing of salinity and temperature.In response to the flux perturbations,there is a strong positive feedback due to consequent freshening.It is hypothesized that under global warming,an SSS amplification of 7.2%/℃ and a mixed-layer depth amplification of 12.5%/℃ will occur in the global ocean.It suggests that the salinity effect can exert a more stable ocean to hinder the downward transfer of heat,which provides positive feedback to future global warming.
文摘基于高分辨率的天气预报模式(Weather Research and Forecasting Model,WRF)与海洋环流模式(Hybrid Coordinate Oceanic Circulation Model,HYCOM)耦合数值模拟,对比观测台风最佳路径数据集和PISTON(Propagation of Intraseasonal Tropical Oscillations)项目提供的浮标观测数据,通过敏感性试验评估三种微物理参数化方案对1822号超强台风“山竹(Mangkhut)”的路径、强度演变和上层海洋响应的影响.研究表明:海-气耦合模式能在一定程度上模拟台风的移动路径与强度特征,但在台风初期会出现对强度的高估.还能模拟台风造成的海表面温度和盐度空间分布的不对称性.与浮标观测数据相比,海-气耦合模式会略高估海洋冷却与盐度的增加幅度.微物理参数化方案对Mangkhut的模拟有一定影响,Morrison方案对最低平均海平面气压和10 m高度处最大风速的模拟误差较WSM6与Thompson方案低,但该方案会高估海洋表层冷却,因而对Mangkhut成熟到衰减初期的风速模拟偏低. Morrison方案对三小时累积降水量的模拟在Mangkhut前期大于WSM6方案,中后期小于WSM6方案,而与Thompson方案相比,整体相差不大.微物理参数化方案对海洋表面对台风响应的模拟有一定影响,但敏感性有限.海洋表面的热盐变化同时与台风强度和移速有关,海表面温度和海表面盐度的变化幅度都随台风强度的增大而增大,随着台风移速的增大而减小,而台风的强度与移速对于海表响应的影响存在一定的相关性.
