Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of variety and maturity stage on chemical composition and in vitro dry matter degradability of oat and barley forages. In exp1, four oat varieties and one barley var...Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of variety and maturity stage on chemical composition and in vitro dry matter degradability of oat and barley forages. In exp1, four oat varieties and one barley variety were harvested at three maturity stages: stage 1, Two weeks before stage 2; stage 2, Mid-dough for oat and early-dough for barley; stage 3, One week after stage 2. All samples were analyzed for DM, CP, ether extract, ash, ADF(acid detergent fiber), NDF(neutral detergent fiber), ADL(acid detergent lignin), NDICP(neutral detergent insoluble crude protein) and IVDMD(In vitro dry matter digestibility). There was no difference in chemical components and IVDMD among oat variety. But maturity stage had a profound influence on some nutrient contents and IVDMD. With maturity advancing, CP decreased from15.5% to 11.03% and from 14.7% to 10.9% at stage 1 and stage 2 for oat and for barley, respectively, and IVDMD decreased slowly from 72.0% to 64.9% and from 73.5% to 68.8% for oat and for barley, respectively. For fiber fractions, NDF declined before stage 2 and then level off after stage 2, while ADF changed little throughout maturation. The ADL trended to increase with increased maturity. The results from the present experiment revealed that Bailor has relatively greater IVDMD value and kept lower ADL content than any other cultivars. The observed variation in chemical composition and ruminal digestibility among various oat cultivars would allow breeders choose suitable oat forages for cattle diet. In experiment. 2, the DaisyⅡ incubator was used to compare IVDMD values of forages of seven oat cultivars using rumen fluid or faecal liquor as the inoculum source. There was a strong linear relationship between the two estimates (R 2 = 0.809; P < 0.001), which indicated that fecal liquor method has the potential to be used instead of rumen fluid for estimation of in vitro digestibility of forage. It is suggested the method for determination of IVDMD using faecal liquor was appropriate for batch operation with precision and efficiency.展开更多
The research was conducted to study the effect of crude enzyme from cow rumen fluid on nutrient quality of cassava substrates through hydrolysis method. Completely randomized design （CRD） in this research consisted ...The research was conducted to study the effect of crude enzyme from cow rumen fluid on nutrient quality of cassava substrates through hydrolysis method. Completely randomized design （CRD） in this research consisted of 4 materials from cassava with its 11 combinations （the total was 15 treatments） with 3 replications. The fifteen treatments were tuber （T）, leaves （L）, peel （P）, onggok （O）, tuber ＋ leaves （TL）, peel ＋ tuber （PT）, tuber ＋ onggok （TO）, leaves ＋ peel （LP）, peel ＋ onggok （PO）, onggok ＋ leaves （OL）, leaves ＋ tuber ＋ peel （LTP）, leaves ＋ tuber ＋ onggok （LTO）, peel ＋ leaves ＋ onggok （PLO）, peel ＋ tuber ＋ onggok （PTO）, peel ＋ leaves ＋ tuber ＋ onggok （PLTO）. Rumen fluid was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes in 4 ~C. Supernatant was reacted with ammonium sulphate （60%） and incubated in the freezer at 4 ~C for 24 hours. The ground cassava was added by rumen fluid crude enzyme at the dosage of 1% （b/v）. The cassava substrates were kept for 24 hours in room temperature. The addition of rumen fluid enzyme on cassava did not significantly affect dry matter losses （0.96%-2.08%）, but it significantly decreased crude fiber （8.61%-17.83%）. And On the other hand, it increased total sugar （15.19%-29.52%）. The conclusion of this research was that the addition of rumen fluid enzyme on cassava substrates was able to decrease crude fiber （17.83%） and the best total soluble sugar was in tuber （29.52%）, but for dry matter, it was similar to control in the range of 0.96%-2.08%.展开更多
Microorganims of the bovine rumen fluid biocatalyzed the reduction of nitro-compound substrates to yield the respective amines. This enzymatic process, using ruminal contents, has rarely been reported in associa- tion...Microorganims of the bovine rumen fluid biocatalyzed the reduction of nitro-compound substrates to yield the respective amines. This enzymatic process, using ruminal contents, has rarely been reported in associa- tion with the bioreduction of nitro groups. The biotransformation reactions catalyzed by this system were de- pendent of both the electronic characteristics and the area/volume of the nitro-substrates confirming the processes are enzymatic. The semi-preparative scale biotransformation went by in good yield showing the rumen fluid may be employed in the synthesis of amines under very mild conditions and, moreover, it may have application in the bioremediation of nitro-compounds.展开更多
Yaks are well-adapted to the harsh environment of the Tibetan Plateau,and they emit less enteric methane(CH_(4))and digest poor-quality forage better than cattle.To examine the potential of yak rumen inoculum to mitig...Yaks are well-adapted to the harsh environment of the Tibetan Plateau,and they emit less enteric methane(CH_(4))and digest poor-quality forage better than cattle.To examine the potential of yak rumen inoculum to mitigate CH_(4)production and improve digestibility in cattle,we incubated substrate with rumen inoculum from yak(YRI)and cattle(CRI)in vitro in five ratios(YRI:CRI):(1)0:100(control),(2)25:75,(3)50:50,(4)75:25 and(5)100:0 for 72 h.The YRI:CRI ratios of 50:50,75:25 and 100:0 produced less total gas and CH_(4)and accumulated less hydrogen(H_(2))than0:100(control)at most time points.From 12 h onwards,there was a linear decrease(P<0.05)in carbon dioxide(CO_(2))production with increasing YRI:CRI ratio.At 72 h,the ratios of 50:50 and 75:25 had higher dry matter(+7.71%and+4.11%,respectively),as well as higher acid detergent fiber digestibility(+15.5%and+7.61%,respectively),when compared to the 0:100 ratio(P<0.05).Increasing the proportion of YRI generally increased total VFA concentrations,and,concomitantly,decreased the proportion of metabolic hydrogen([2H])incorporated into CH_(4),and decreased the recovery of[2H].The lower[2H]recovery indicates unknown[2H]sinks in the culture.Estimated Gibbs free energy changes(ΔG)for reductive acetogenesis were negative,indicating the thermodynamic feasibility of this process.It would be beneficial to identify:1)the alternative[2H]sinks,which could help mitigate CH_(4)emission,and 2)core microbes involved in fiber digestion.This experiment supported lower CH_(4)emission and greater nutrient digestibility of yaks compared to cattle.Multi-omics combined with microbial culture technologies developed in recent years could help to better understand fermentation differences among species.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the population composition of methanogens in rumen fluid of grazing Inner Mongolian cashmere goat. [Method] Total DNAs of various bacteria in rumen fluid were isolate...[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the population composition of methanogens in rumen fluid of grazing Inner Mongolian cashmere goat. [Method] Total DNAs of various bacteria in rumen fluid were isolated for PCR amplification using the specifically designed primers based on conservative mcrA sequence of methanogens; then mcrA specific clone library was accordingly established. The restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) of the library was further analyzed by digestion of restriction enzyme Taq I. [Result] One hundred and five randomly selected specific colonies were classified into six RFLP types, among which the dominant type accounts for 38%, and other types account for 27%, 18%, 5.5% and 4.5%, respectively. [Conclusion] There are at least six different methanogens in rumen fluid of grazing Inner Mongolian cashmere goat.展开更多
For the experiment, 8 newborn male Holstein calves were selected that had the same feeding environment, and were of similar ages. They were randomly <span style="font-family:Verdana;">divided into 2 gr...For the experiment, 8 newborn male Holstein calves were selected that had the same feeding environment, and were of similar ages. They were randomly <span style="font-family:Verdana;">divided into 2 groups, with 4 in each group. The treatments consisted of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">feeding active probiotics (Group P) and a normal fed control group (Group C). The growth performance and blood indices were measured;rumen fluid samples were collected after weaning, and 16SrDNA sequencing and LC-MS metabolome detection were performed. Compared with the control group, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">relative abundances of Deltaproteobacteria, Desulfovibrionales, Bacteroi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">dales_ </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">BS11_gut_group, Desulfovibrionaceae, Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, Acet</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">obacteraceae, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Asaia, [</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ruminococcus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">] </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">gauvreauii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">_group, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Desulfovibrio</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Kingella</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Selenomonas</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Lachnoclostri</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">dium in group P were significantly different (P < 0.05). In group P, the metabolite </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2-methylbenzoic acid and myo-inositol were significantly increased (P <</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 0.05). These results showed that compared with normally fed calves, the growth performance and blood indices of probiotic-fed calves were changed, but the differences were not significant. Probiotic-fed calves showed significant differences in rumen fluid and a small number of metabolites, which were mainly involved in the pathway of carbohydrate metabolism. It proves </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">that the supplemental active probiotics had an effect on the rumen microflora.</span>展开更多
文摘Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of variety and maturity stage on chemical composition and in vitro dry matter degradability of oat and barley forages. In exp1, four oat varieties and one barley variety were harvested at three maturity stages: stage 1, Two weeks before stage 2; stage 2, Mid-dough for oat and early-dough for barley; stage 3, One week after stage 2. All samples were analyzed for DM, CP, ether extract, ash, ADF(acid detergent fiber), NDF(neutral detergent fiber), ADL(acid detergent lignin), NDICP(neutral detergent insoluble crude protein) and IVDMD(In vitro dry matter digestibility). There was no difference in chemical components and IVDMD among oat variety. But maturity stage had a profound influence on some nutrient contents and IVDMD. With maturity advancing, CP decreased from15.5% to 11.03% and from 14.7% to 10.9% at stage 1 and stage 2 for oat and for barley, respectively, and IVDMD decreased slowly from 72.0% to 64.9% and from 73.5% to 68.8% for oat and for barley, respectively. For fiber fractions, NDF declined before stage 2 and then level off after stage 2, while ADF changed little throughout maturation. The ADL trended to increase with increased maturity. The results from the present experiment revealed that Bailor has relatively greater IVDMD value and kept lower ADL content than any other cultivars. The observed variation in chemical composition and ruminal digestibility among various oat cultivars would allow breeders choose suitable oat forages for cattle diet. In experiment. 2, the DaisyⅡ incubator was used to compare IVDMD values of forages of seven oat cultivars using rumen fluid or faecal liquor as the inoculum source. There was a strong linear relationship between the two estimates (R 2 = 0.809; P < 0.001), which indicated that fecal liquor method has the potential to be used instead of rumen fluid for estimation of in vitro digestibility of forage. It is suggested the method for determination of IVDMD using faecal liquor was appropriate for batch operation with precision and efficiency.
文摘The research was conducted to study the effect of crude enzyme from cow rumen fluid on nutrient quality of cassava substrates through hydrolysis method. Completely randomized design （CRD） in this research consisted of 4 materials from cassava with its 11 combinations （the total was 15 treatments） with 3 replications. The fifteen treatments were tuber （T）, leaves （L）, peel （P）, onggok （O）, tuber ＋ leaves （TL）, peel ＋ tuber （PT）, tuber ＋ onggok （TO）, leaves ＋ peel （LP）, peel ＋ onggok （PO）, onggok ＋ leaves （OL）, leaves ＋ tuber ＋ peel （LTP）, leaves ＋ tuber ＋ onggok （LTO）, peel ＋ leaves ＋ onggok （PLO）, peel ＋ tuber ＋ onggok （PTO）, peel ＋ leaves ＋ tuber ＋ onggok （PLTO）. Rumen fluid was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes in 4 ~C. Supernatant was reacted with ammonium sulphate （60%） and incubated in the freezer at 4 ~C for 24 hours. The ground cassava was added by rumen fluid crude enzyme at the dosage of 1% （b/v）. The cassava substrates were kept for 24 hours in room temperature. The addition of rumen fluid enzyme on cassava did not significantly affect dry matter losses （0.96%-2.08%）, but it significantly decreased crude fiber （8.61%-17.83%）. And On the other hand, it increased total sugar （15.19%-29.52%）. The conclusion of this research was that the addition of rumen fluid enzyme on cassava substrates was able to decrease crude fiber （17.83%） and the best total soluble sugar was in tuber （29.52%）, but for dry matter, it was similar to control in the range of 0.96%-2.08%.
文摘Microorganims of the bovine rumen fluid biocatalyzed the reduction of nitro-compound substrates to yield the respective amines. This enzymatic process, using ruminal contents, has rarely been reported in associa- tion with the bioreduction of nitro groups. The biotransformation reactions catalyzed by this system were de- pendent of both the electronic characteristics and the area/volume of the nitro-substrates confirming the processes are enzymatic. The semi-preparative scale biotransformation went by in good yield showing the rumen fluid may be employed in the synthesis of amines under very mild conditions and, moreover, it may have application in the bioremediation of nitro-compounds.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072757 and U21A20250)。
文摘Yaks are well-adapted to the harsh environment of the Tibetan Plateau,and they emit less enteric methane(CH_(4))and digest poor-quality forage better than cattle.To examine the potential of yak rumen inoculum to mitigate CH_(4)production and improve digestibility in cattle,we incubated substrate with rumen inoculum from yak(YRI)and cattle(CRI)in vitro in five ratios(YRI:CRI):(1)0:100(control),(2)25:75,(3)50:50,(4)75:25 and(5)100:0 for 72 h.The YRI:CRI ratios of 50:50,75:25 and 100:0 produced less total gas and CH_(4)and accumulated less hydrogen(H_(2))than0:100(control)at most time points.From 12 h onwards,there was a linear decrease(P<0.05)in carbon dioxide(CO_(2))production with increasing YRI:CRI ratio.At 72 h,the ratios of 50:50 and 75:25 had higher dry matter(+7.71%and+4.11%,respectively),as well as higher acid detergent fiber digestibility(+15.5%and+7.61%,respectively),when compared to the 0:100 ratio(P<0.05).Increasing the proportion of YRI generally increased total VFA concentrations,and,concomitantly,decreased the proportion of metabolic hydrogen([2H])incorporated into CH_(4),and decreased the recovery of[2H].The lower[2H]recovery indicates unknown[2H]sinks in the culture.Estimated Gibbs free energy changes(ΔG)for reductive acetogenesis were negative,indicating the thermodynamic feasibility of this process.It would be beneficial to identify:1)the alternative[2H]sinks,which could help mitigate CH_(4)emission,and 2)core microbes involved in fiber digestion.This experiment supported lower CH_(4)emission and greater nutrient digestibility of yaks compared to cattle.Multi-omics combined with microbial culture technologies developed in recent years could help to better understand fermentation differences among species.
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the population composition of methanogens in rumen fluid of grazing Inner Mongolian cashmere goat. [Method] Total DNAs of various bacteria in rumen fluid were isolated for PCR amplification using the specifically designed primers based on conservative mcrA sequence of methanogens; then mcrA specific clone library was accordingly established. The restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) of the library was further analyzed by digestion of restriction enzyme Taq I. [Result] One hundred and five randomly selected specific colonies were classified into six RFLP types, among which the dominant type accounts for 38%, and other types account for 27%, 18%, 5.5% and 4.5%, respectively. [Conclusion] There are at least six different methanogens in rumen fluid of grazing Inner Mongolian cashmere goat.
文摘For the experiment, 8 newborn male Holstein calves were selected that had the same feeding environment, and were of similar ages. They were randomly <span style="font-family:Verdana;">divided into 2 groups, with 4 in each group. The treatments consisted of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">feeding active probiotics (Group P) and a normal fed control group (Group C). The growth performance and blood indices were measured;rumen fluid samples were collected after weaning, and 16SrDNA sequencing and LC-MS metabolome detection were performed. Compared with the control group, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">relative abundances of Deltaproteobacteria, Desulfovibrionales, Bacteroi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">dales_ </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">BS11_gut_group, Desulfovibrionaceae, Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, Acet</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">obacteraceae, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Asaia, [</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ruminococcus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">] </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">gauvreauii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">_group, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Desulfovibrio</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Kingella</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Selenomonas</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Lachnoclostri</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">dium in group P were significantly different (P < 0.05). In group P, the metabolite </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2-methylbenzoic acid and myo-inositol were significantly increased (P <</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 0.05). These results showed that compared with normally fed calves, the growth performance and blood indices of probiotic-fed calves were changed, but the differences were not significant. Probiotic-fed calves showed significant differences in rumen fluid and a small number of metabolites, which were mainly involved in the pathway of carbohydrate metabolism. It proves </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">that the supplemental active probiotics had an effect on the rumen microflora.</span>
