To identify the chemical differences which lead to the different therapeutic effects of dried rehmannia root(DRR)and prepared rehmannia root(PRR),we compared the chemical composition of decoctions of randomly purchase...To identify the chemical differences which lead to the different therapeutic effects of dried rehmannia root(DRR)and prepared rehmannia root(PRR),we compared the chemical composition of decoctions of randomly purchased DRR and PRR using ultra performance liquid chromatography(UPLC)coupled with time-of-fight mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)coupled with evaporative light scattering detection(ELSD)with the aid of multivariate statistical analysis.Both approaches clearly revealed compositional and quantitative differences between DRR and PRR.UPLC-MS data indicated stachyose,rehmaiono-side A(or rehmaionoside B),acteoside(or forsythiaside,or isoacteoside),6-O-coumaroylajugol(or 6-O-E-feruloylajugol,or 6-O-Z-feruloylajugol)as important discriminators between DRR and PRR decoctions.HPLC-ELSD analysis showed that the content of fructose in the decoctions of PRR was about four times greater than that of DRR(P<10^(-5)),while sucrose content in the decoctions of PRR was only about one seventh of that in DRR(P<0.01).Our results suggest that some compounds,such as fructose,stachyose and rehmaionoside,may be responsible for the differing therapeutic effects of DRR and PRR.Furthermore,improvements in quality control for PRR,which is currently lacking in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,are recommended.展开更多
Estrogen is essential for the skin to maintain its physiological function. The binding of estrogen to the estrogen receptor (ER) activates gene transcription, which has biological effects on the target tissue. Estroge...Estrogen is essential for the skin to maintain its physiological function. The binding of estrogen to the estrogen receptor (ER) activates gene transcription, which has biological effects on the target tissue. Estrogen levels and ER expression are known to decrease with aging and exposure to ultraviolet light (UV);therefore, increased estrogen levels and ER expression may improve age-related changes in the skin. <em>Rehmannia</em> root has been reported to have blood circulation-promoting and anti-inflammatory effects;however, few studies have reported the effects of <em>Rehmannia</em> root on skin. In this study, we examined the effects of <em>Rehmannia glutinosa</em> Libosch. var. purpurea Makino root extract (RE) on ER expression, and estrogen, RE, or their related ingredients increased ER expression in human epidermal keratinocytes, human dermal fibroblasts, and skin models. Moreover, RE increased the production of basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor <em>β</em>1, and epidermal growth factor. The mixture of estrogen and RE improved extracellular matrix (ECM) production to a greater degree than estrogen and RE independently. Although high population doubling levels (PDL) and UV irradiation downregulated ER expression, RE upregulated ER expression in high PDL cells and UV irradiated cells. In addition, RE increased the expression of epidermal differentiation marker proteins compared to their expression levels in the absence of RE. The collective findings suggest that RE aids in the prevention of skin aging by upregulating the ER expression that has been decreased by aging and UV and promoting estrogen activity, ECM production, and epidermal differentiation.展开更多
Background:Traditional Chinese medicines are usually processed before they are used for clinical treatment.This is done in a way associated with the Maillard reaction.Methods:Based on the Maillard reaction,this paper ...Background:Traditional Chinese medicines are usually processed before they are used for clinical treatment.This is done in a way associated with the Maillard reaction.Methods:Based on the Maillard reaction,this paper analyzed the degree of processing of rehmannia root(Rehmanniae radix)relative to the dynamic variation rules of Maillard reaction index parameters,including pH,A420,amino acids,and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.Furthermore,this study introduced thermal analysis techniques and pyrolysis kinetics to assess the influence of the correlation between processing raw rehmannia root and the Maillard reaction during carbonization.It then went through the whole process of transforming the raw material to end-product in order to explain the scientific connotation of processing it.Results:The results showed that each time rehmannia root was processed,its pH value and amino acid content decreased,while the A420 value and 5-HMF increased.Processing with wine shows a significant difference in these experimental indexes.The position and intensity of the maximum thermal weight loss rate peak of processed rehmannia root at different degrees of processing are different.Comprehensive quantitative 221±0.2°C for processed rehmannia root carbonization was the processing temperature limit.Moreover,the kinetic solution verified that the activation energy corresponding to the carbonization temperature was close to the maximum value of the activation energy of the whole carbonization process,and the optimal mechanism function was g(α)=((1−α)−1/3−1)2.Conclusion:The Maillard reaction occurred during the processing of rehmannia root mixed with carbonization.With each increase of the number of steaming and drying cycles involved in the processing,the level of Maillard reaction increased significantly.The wine-steaming method had a significant effect on the quality of the processed product.展开更多
基金The authors are grateful for financial support from the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81073161,81130067 and 30730112)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2011CB505304)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(Grant No.7112110)for technical support from Mr.Yong Wang and other technologists of Waters China Ltd.
文摘To identify the chemical differences which lead to the different therapeutic effects of dried rehmannia root(DRR)and prepared rehmannia root(PRR),we compared the chemical composition of decoctions of randomly purchased DRR and PRR using ultra performance liquid chromatography(UPLC)coupled with time-of-fight mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)coupled with evaporative light scattering detection(ELSD)with the aid of multivariate statistical analysis.Both approaches clearly revealed compositional and quantitative differences between DRR and PRR.UPLC-MS data indicated stachyose,rehmaiono-side A(or rehmaionoside B),acteoside(or forsythiaside,or isoacteoside),6-O-coumaroylajugol(or 6-O-E-feruloylajugol,or 6-O-Z-feruloylajugol)as important discriminators between DRR and PRR decoctions.HPLC-ELSD analysis showed that the content of fructose in the decoctions of PRR was about four times greater than that of DRR(P<10^(-5)),while sucrose content in the decoctions of PRR was only about one seventh of that in DRR(P<0.01).Our results suggest that some compounds,such as fructose,stachyose and rehmaionoside,may be responsible for the differing therapeutic effects of DRR and PRR.Furthermore,improvements in quality control for PRR,which is currently lacking in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,are recommended.
文摘Estrogen is essential for the skin to maintain its physiological function. The binding of estrogen to the estrogen receptor (ER) activates gene transcription, which has biological effects on the target tissue. Estrogen levels and ER expression are known to decrease with aging and exposure to ultraviolet light (UV);therefore, increased estrogen levels and ER expression may improve age-related changes in the skin. <em>Rehmannia</em> root has been reported to have blood circulation-promoting and anti-inflammatory effects;however, few studies have reported the effects of <em>Rehmannia</em> root on skin. In this study, we examined the effects of <em>Rehmannia glutinosa</em> Libosch. var. purpurea Makino root extract (RE) on ER expression, and estrogen, RE, or their related ingredients increased ER expression in human epidermal keratinocytes, human dermal fibroblasts, and skin models. Moreover, RE increased the production of basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor <em>β</em>1, and epidermal growth factor. The mixture of estrogen and RE improved extracellular matrix (ECM) production to a greater degree than estrogen and RE independently. Although high population doubling levels (PDL) and UV irradiation downregulated ER expression, RE upregulated ER expression in high PDL cells and UV irradiated cells. In addition, RE increased the expression of epidermal differentiation marker proteins compared to their expression levels in the absence of RE. The collective findings suggest that RE aids in the prevention of skin aging by upregulating the ER expression that has been decreased by aging and UV and promoting estrogen activity, ECM production, and epidermal differentiation.
基金This research was funded by General Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81673601)the Key Research&Development Plan of Shanxi Province(Social Development Project,No.201603D3112002)Cultivate Scientific Research Excellence Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(No.2019KJ032).
文摘Background:Traditional Chinese medicines are usually processed before they are used for clinical treatment.This is done in a way associated with the Maillard reaction.Methods:Based on the Maillard reaction,this paper analyzed the degree of processing of rehmannia root(Rehmanniae radix)relative to the dynamic variation rules of Maillard reaction index parameters,including pH,A420,amino acids,and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.Furthermore,this study introduced thermal analysis techniques and pyrolysis kinetics to assess the influence of the correlation between processing raw rehmannia root and the Maillard reaction during carbonization.It then went through the whole process of transforming the raw material to end-product in order to explain the scientific connotation of processing it.Results:The results showed that each time rehmannia root was processed,its pH value and amino acid content decreased,while the A420 value and 5-HMF increased.Processing with wine shows a significant difference in these experimental indexes.The position and intensity of the maximum thermal weight loss rate peak of processed rehmannia root at different degrees of processing are different.Comprehensive quantitative 221±0.2°C for processed rehmannia root carbonization was the processing temperature limit.Moreover,the kinetic solution verified that the activation energy corresponding to the carbonization temperature was close to the maximum value of the activation energy of the whole carbonization process,and the optimal mechanism function was g(α)=((1−α)−1/3−1)2.Conclusion:The Maillard reaction occurred during the processing of rehmannia root mixed with carbonization.With each increase of the number of steaming and drying cycles involved in the processing,the level of Maillard reaction increased significantly.The wine-steaming method had a significant effect on the quality of the processed product.
