Background:The specific role of statins in the field of ophthalmology is not clear.Statins have the advantages of pleiotropic,relatively safety and low cost,and are a promising choice for the prevention and management...Background:The specific role of statins in the field of ophthalmology is not clear.Statins have the advantages of pleiotropic,relatively safety and low cost,and are a promising choice for the prevention and management of eye diseases.Nevertheless,there is a divergence of findings regarding the correlation between statin treatment and ocular conditions.Hence,our intention is to investigate the impact of statins on eye conditions through the utilization of Mendelian randomization(MR).Methods:The UK Biobank provided data on five statins,while the FinnGen database provided data on six eye diseases,including age-related macular degeneration,glaucoma,diabetic retinopathy,senile cataract,drug-induced cataract,and other cataracts.Causality exploration involved the utilization of various methods including inverse variance weighted(IVW),weighted median,weighted multivariate(weighted mode),and MR-Egger regression.To assess the reliability of the findings,funnel analysis,MR-Egger regression,leave-one-out method,and Cochran’s Q test were employed.Additionally,reverse MR analysis was performed to evaluate the potential for reverse causality between statin use and eye diseases.Results:Based on IVW analysis,there were three pairs of positive results with significant(P<0.05)causal relationship,including atorvastatin and drug-induced cataract(odds ratio(OR)=1.65E-05,95%confidence interval(CI):2.24E-09–0.12;P_(IVW)=0.02),rosuvastatin and drug-induced cataract(OR=2.77E-18,95%CI:7.53E-35–0.1;P_(IVW)=0.04)and fluvastatin with senile cataract(OR=0.5,95%CI:0.25–0.99;P_(IVW)=0.05).No significant causal relationship was observed between other types of statins and eye diseases.Sensitivity analysis found that the results were robust.Reverse MR analysis indicated no evidence of reverse causality between statin use and the examined eye diseases.Conclusion:Our study finally verified the strong causal relationship between three drugs and two diseases(atorvastatin and rosuvastatin and drug cataract,fluvastatin and senile cataract).This study confirms that statins may reduce the risk of certain eye diseases and provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of eye diseases.Furthermore,the lack of reverse causality reinforces the reliability of these associations.展开更多
随着广义二型模糊集的α-平面表达理论被提出,广义二型模糊逻辑系统在近年成为学术界热点研究问题。本文比较了离散Karnik-Mendel(KM)算法与连续版本的KM(continuous version of KM,CKM)算法中的运算,通过数值积分中牛顿-柯斯特求积公式...随着广义二型模糊集的α-平面表达理论被提出,广义二型模糊逻辑系统在近年成为学术界热点研究问题。本文比较了离散Karnik-Mendel(KM)算法与连续版本的KM(continuous version of KM,CKM)算法中的运算,通过数值积分中牛顿-柯斯特求积公式把KM算法扩展成三种不同形式的加权KM(weighted KM,WKM)算法,而KM算法只是WKM算法在取特殊权重值下的一种例子。两个计算机仿真例子用来阐述和分析WKM算法的表现。总体来说,WKM算法在计算广义二型模糊逻辑系统质心解模糊化值时可取得比KM算法更小的绝对误差和更快的收敛速度,这给二型模糊逻辑系统的设计和应用提供了潜在的价值。展开更多
Background Major depressive disorder(MDD)is a common psychiatric disease and a leading cause of disability worldwide.Handgrip strength(HGS)as an objective physical fitness test is a practical index for identifying man...Background Major depressive disorder(MDD)is a common psychiatric disease and a leading cause of disability worldwide.Handgrip strength(HGS)as an objective physical fitness test is a practical index for identifying many diseases.Previous studies drew different conclusions about the relationship between HGS and MDD.Aims We aim to explore whether HGS has an effect on the risk of MDD.Methods HGS-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified by a genome-wide association study were used as instrumental variables in this Mendelian randomisation(MR)study.Summary data on MDD were obtained from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium.Four methods were applied,including inverse variance weighted(IVW),MR Egger,weighted median and weighted mode.Additional sensitivity analyses,including leave-one-out,heterogeneity test,pleiotropy test and confounders identification,were conducted to test the robustness of our results.Results Each 1 kg increase in left HGS is associated with a 21.95%reduction in the risk of MDD(OR_(IVW)=0.781,95%CI:0.650 to 0.937,p=0.009),while no significant correlation exists in the estimation of right HGS(p=0.146).Sensitivity analyses demonstrated statistical significance(β_(IVW)=−0.195,p=0.023)after excluding some genetic loci that cause pleiotropy.Conclusions Increased left HGS is associated with a reduced risk of MDD.In the future,it may be used as an index for the clinical screening,observation and treatment of MDD.展开更多
This paper reviews the authors research since 2018 on Mendels gene assumption. The main conclusion is that Morgans misreading of Mendels gene assumption would lead to the inevitable Copernican-like revolution (geocent...This paper reviews the authors research since 2018 on Mendels gene assumption. The main conclusion is that Morgans misreading of Mendels gene assumption would lead to the inevitable Copernican-like revolution (geocentrism replaced by heliocentrism) in genetics. The evidence for this judgment comes from written records in Morgans The Theory of the Gene. The result of Mendels experiment proposed the second question of genetics (template question), aim at which he assumed the gene was the element controlling individual specification. This led to dualistic genetics (two elements forming the germplasm). However, the gene located by Morgan was germplasm able to give rise to the individualthe answer to the first question of genetics. It ushered in gene-monistic genetics. The confirmation of the gene as DNA has opened a new era of physical verification of gene intension. The inability of DNA to build 3,5-phosphodiester bonds revealed that the gene has neither the ability to produce individuals nor is it self-replicating;consequently, the basis of gene monistic genetics completely collapsed. Instead, the universal fact that the eggs transcriptase initiates DNA (genome) transcription giving rise to the individual (unless accidents occur) confirms that Mendelian dualistic genetics is scientific genetics.展开更多
基金the Education Department of Hebei Province(Project No.QN2016145)and the University Student Research Project of Chengde Medical University(2024038)for the funding support.
文摘Background:The specific role of statins in the field of ophthalmology is not clear.Statins have the advantages of pleiotropic,relatively safety and low cost,and are a promising choice for the prevention and management of eye diseases.Nevertheless,there is a divergence of findings regarding the correlation between statin treatment and ocular conditions.Hence,our intention is to investigate the impact of statins on eye conditions through the utilization of Mendelian randomization(MR).Methods:The UK Biobank provided data on five statins,while the FinnGen database provided data on six eye diseases,including age-related macular degeneration,glaucoma,diabetic retinopathy,senile cataract,drug-induced cataract,and other cataracts.Causality exploration involved the utilization of various methods including inverse variance weighted(IVW),weighted median,weighted multivariate(weighted mode),and MR-Egger regression.To assess the reliability of the findings,funnel analysis,MR-Egger regression,leave-one-out method,and Cochran’s Q test were employed.Additionally,reverse MR analysis was performed to evaluate the potential for reverse causality between statin use and eye diseases.Results:Based on IVW analysis,there were three pairs of positive results with significant(P<0.05)causal relationship,including atorvastatin and drug-induced cataract(odds ratio(OR)=1.65E-05,95%confidence interval(CI):2.24E-09–0.12;P_(IVW)=0.02),rosuvastatin and drug-induced cataract(OR=2.77E-18,95%CI:7.53E-35–0.1;P_(IVW)=0.04)and fluvastatin with senile cataract(OR=0.5,95%CI:0.25–0.99;P_(IVW)=0.05).No significant causal relationship was observed between other types of statins and eye diseases.Sensitivity analysis found that the results were robust.Reverse MR analysis indicated no evidence of reverse causality between statin use and the examined eye diseases.Conclusion:Our study finally verified the strong causal relationship between three drugs and two diseases(atorvastatin and rosuvastatin and drug cataract,fluvastatin and senile cataract).This study confirms that statins may reduce the risk of certain eye diseases and provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of eye diseases.Furthermore,the lack of reverse causality reinforces the reliability of these associations.
文摘随着广义二型模糊集的α-平面表达理论被提出,广义二型模糊逻辑系统在近年成为学术界热点研究问题。本文比较了离散Karnik-Mendel(KM)算法与连续版本的KM(continuous version of KM,CKM)算法中的运算,通过数值积分中牛顿-柯斯特求积公式把KM算法扩展成三种不同形式的加权KM(weighted KM,WKM)算法,而KM算法只是WKM算法在取特殊权重值下的一种例子。两个计算机仿真例子用来阐述和分析WKM算法的表现。总体来说,WKM算法在计算广义二型模糊逻辑系统质心解模糊化值时可取得比KM算法更小的绝对误差和更快的收敛速度,这给二型模糊逻辑系统的设计和应用提供了潜在的价值。
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(81801345)the Planning Project of Guangdong Province of China(2019B030316001).
文摘Background Major depressive disorder(MDD)is a common psychiatric disease and a leading cause of disability worldwide.Handgrip strength(HGS)as an objective physical fitness test is a practical index for identifying many diseases.Previous studies drew different conclusions about the relationship between HGS and MDD.Aims We aim to explore whether HGS has an effect on the risk of MDD.Methods HGS-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified by a genome-wide association study were used as instrumental variables in this Mendelian randomisation(MR)study.Summary data on MDD were obtained from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium.Four methods were applied,including inverse variance weighted(IVW),MR Egger,weighted median and weighted mode.Additional sensitivity analyses,including leave-one-out,heterogeneity test,pleiotropy test and confounders identification,were conducted to test the robustness of our results.Results Each 1 kg increase in left HGS is associated with a 21.95%reduction in the risk of MDD(OR_(IVW)=0.781,95%CI:0.650 to 0.937,p=0.009),while no significant correlation exists in the estimation of right HGS(p=0.146).Sensitivity analyses demonstrated statistical significance(β_(IVW)=−0.195,p=0.023)after excluding some genetic loci that cause pleiotropy.Conclusions Increased left HGS is associated with a reduced risk of MDD.In the future,it may be used as an index for the clinical screening,observation and treatment of MDD.
文摘This paper reviews the authors research since 2018 on Mendels gene assumption. The main conclusion is that Morgans misreading of Mendels gene assumption would lead to the inevitable Copernican-like revolution (geocentrism replaced by heliocentrism) in genetics. The evidence for this judgment comes from written records in Morgans The Theory of the Gene. The result of Mendels experiment proposed the second question of genetics (template question), aim at which he assumed the gene was the element controlling individual specification. This led to dualistic genetics (two elements forming the germplasm). However, the gene located by Morgan was germplasm able to give rise to the individualthe answer to the first question of genetics. It ushered in gene-monistic genetics. The confirmation of the gene as DNA has opened a new era of physical verification of gene intension. The inability of DNA to build 3,5-phosphodiester bonds revealed that the gene has neither the ability to produce individuals nor is it self-replicating;consequently, the basis of gene monistic genetics completely collapsed. Instead, the universal fact that the eggs transcriptase initiates DNA (genome) transcription giving rise to the individual (unless accidents occur) confirms that Mendelian dualistic genetics is scientific genetics.
