The study of Russian Formalism from a paradigm perspective has an integrative methodological value compared with traditional approaches. From the three different levels(philosophy, knowledge and operation) inherent to...The study of Russian Formalism from a paradigm perspective has an integrative methodological value compared with traditional approaches. From the three different levels(philosophy, knowledge and operation) inherent to the paradigm perspective, this paper reexamines several theoretical problems that were previously thought to be settled: the theoretical construction of Russian Formalism, its development and its theoretical foundation. It shows that the Russian Formalistic paradigm is not only a literary phenomenon, but also relates to the fields of linguistics and philosophy, and at the knowledge level consists of the three schools of Formalistic Literature, Formalistic Linguistics and Formalistic Functionalism. The paper also points out that the lifespan of the paradigm from beginning to decline was longer than the ten years generally believed by scholars. Finally, the paradigm's theoretical foundation does not originate from Husserl's phenomenology or the literary schools related to it, as previously assumed, but from the linguistic methodologies of historical comparativism and structuralism, as well as the common aesthetic theory within philosophy.展开更多
Astrocytes, the dominant glial cell type, modulate synaptic information transmission. Each astrocyte is organized in non-overlapping domains. Here, a formally based model of the possible significance of astrocyte doma...Astrocytes, the dominant glial cell type, modulate synaptic information transmission. Each astrocyte is organized in non-overlapping domains. Here, a formally based model of the possible significance of astrocyte domain organization is proposed. It is hypothesized that each astrocyte contacting n neurons with m synapses via its processes generates dynamic domains of synaptic interactions based on qualitative criteria so that it exerts a structuring of neuronal information processing. The formalism (morpho-grammatics) describes the combinatorics of the various astrocytic receptor types for occupancy with cognate neurotransmitters. Astrocytic processes are able both to contact synapses and retract from them. Rhythmic oscillations of the astrocyte may program the domain organization, where clock genes may play a role in rhythm generation. For the interpretation of a domain organization a player of a string instrument is used as a paradigm. Since astrocytes form networks (syncytia), the interactions between astrocyte domains may be comparable to the improvisations in a jazz ensemble. Given the fact of a high combinational complexity of an astrocyte domain organization, which is formally demonstrable, and an uncomputable complexity of a network of astrocyte domains, the model proposed may not be testable in biological brains, but robotics could be a real alternative.展开更多
文摘The study of Russian Formalism from a paradigm perspective has an integrative methodological value compared with traditional approaches. From the three different levels(philosophy, knowledge and operation) inherent to the paradigm perspective, this paper reexamines several theoretical problems that were previously thought to be settled: the theoretical construction of Russian Formalism, its development and its theoretical foundation. It shows that the Russian Formalistic paradigm is not only a literary phenomenon, but also relates to the fields of linguistics and philosophy, and at the knowledge level consists of the three schools of Formalistic Literature, Formalistic Linguistics and Formalistic Functionalism. The paper also points out that the lifespan of the paradigm from beginning to decline was longer than the ten years generally believed by scholars. Finally, the paradigm's theoretical foundation does not originate from Husserl's phenomenology or the literary schools related to it, as previously assumed, but from the linguistic methodologies of historical comparativism and structuralism, as well as the common aesthetic theory within philosophy.
文摘Astrocytes, the dominant glial cell type, modulate synaptic information transmission. Each astrocyte is organized in non-overlapping domains. Here, a formally based model of the possible significance of astrocyte domain organization is proposed. It is hypothesized that each astrocyte contacting n neurons with m synapses via its processes generates dynamic domains of synaptic interactions based on qualitative criteria so that it exerts a structuring of neuronal information processing. The formalism (morpho-grammatics) describes the combinatorics of the various astrocytic receptor types for occupancy with cognate neurotransmitters. Astrocytic processes are able both to contact synapses and retract from them. Rhythmic oscillations of the astrocyte may program the domain organization, where clock genes may play a role in rhythm generation. For the interpretation of a domain organization a player of a string instrument is used as a paradigm. Since astrocytes form networks (syncytia), the interactions between astrocyte domains may be comparable to the improvisations in a jazz ensemble. Given the fact of a high combinational complexity of an astrocyte domain organization, which is formally demonstrable, and an uncomputable complexity of a network of astrocyte domains, the model proposed may not be testable in biological brains, but robotics could be a real alternative.
