This study investigated the adverse effect of surface ozone on the maize yield using a unique panel from 880 counties in China.To identify the impact of elevated surface ozone concentrations,we constructed an economet...This study investigated the adverse effect of surface ozone on the maize yield using a unique panel from 880 counties in China.To identify the impact of elevated surface ozone concentrations,we constructed an econometric model by controlling the impact of climate variables and related economic variables.This study also considered the potential spatial correlation in the measurement of the impact of surface ozone on maize yield.Results confirmed that the increase of ozone concentration decreased the maize yield.Moreover,maize was found to be the most sensitive to ozone at the end of the second month of the growing season.The average annual loss of maize caused by ozone pollution is about 4.234 million tons in 2013–2015,accounting for 1.9%of the average output.展开更多
Several potentially practical biochemical processes in plant systems still remain hidden, especially the NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) synthesis of nongenetic code-based RNA that optimizes crop nutritious yield b...Several potentially practical biochemical processes in plant systems still remain hidden, especially the NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) synthesis of nongenetic code-based RNA that optimizes crop nutritious yield by degrading superfluous genetic code-based RNA. In continued characterization of the biochemistry of cowpea grain yield, GDH was purified by electrophoresis from seeds of cowpea treated with solutions of stoichiometric mixes of mineral salts. The GDH was made to synthesize RNAs in the amination (α-KG/NADH/</span><span><span></span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and then in the deamination (L-Glu/NAD</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) direction. The initial product RNAs were captured and sequenced. The grand challenge was to discover the specific molecular roles of the redox enzyme in the optimization of cowpea grain yields. In the amination direction, the GDH hexamers synthesized plus-RNA, but in the deamination direction</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> they synthesized minus-RNA. The plus-RNAs and minus-RNAs were homologous to about the same numbers of different mRNAs encoding the key enzymes that regulate photosynthesis;saccharide biochemistry and glycolysis;phenylpropanoid biosynthesis;nodulation nitrogen fixing processes;dehydrin drought and glutathione environmental stress resistance processes;purine, pyrimidine, DNA, RNA and essential amino acid biosynthesis;storage protein vicilin accumulation;isoflavone earliness of cowpea maturity;peroxidase synthesis of lignin and sequestration of CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to enrich soil organic carbon contents;triglyceride physiology in the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds that render cowpea resistant to insects and fungi;etc</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, all of which constitute the GDH chemical pathways for discrimination of biochemical, physiological, metabolic, genetic reactions;and optimization of cowpea dry grain yields. Each stoichiometric mix of mineral salts produced optimally yielding biochemical variant of purple hull cowpea;the K</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K mix was spectacular because it increased the grain yield to 7598 kg from the 3644 kg</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in the control cowpea. Optimized nutritious staple crop yield buttresses food security. The synthesis of plus-RNA in amination and minus-RNA in deamination is an economic tactical plan in biochemistry for the selection of superfluous mRNAs that would be degraded to assure the survival of cowpea growing under unfavorable environmental conditions.展开更多
We build the influence function empirical model of China's grain production at the present stage in view of the factors influencing direct grain subsidies,using Cobb-Douglas production function model.And we estima...We build the influence function empirical model of China's grain production at the present stage in view of the factors influencing direct grain subsidies,using Cobb-Douglas production function model.And we estimate the elasticity coefficient of impact of China's direct grain subsidies on grain yield,using the panel data pertaining to 29 provinces in the period 2004-2007;comparatively analyze the validity and limitation of policy factors of direct grain subsidies on China's grain yield.The results show that at the present stage,the elasticity coefficient of impact of China's direct grain subsidies on grain yield is 0.002 3,and under the existing subsidy system and level,direct grain subsidies play a positive role in increasing grain yield,but the role is limited;the elasticity coefficient of impact of the food price on grain yield is much larger than that of impact of direct grain subsidies on grain yield.Therefore,the government should strengthen and improve direct grain subsidy policies;in the mean time,pay full attention to the use of market mechanism to consolidate the basic role of the food price in promoting food security to a great extent.展开更多
In this paper, the effect of the addition of whole chia flour and water at cooked fish burgers on yield, water and fat retention, n-3 fatty acids content and oxidative stability were studied. The results showed that 9...In this paper, the effect of the addition of whole chia flour and water at cooked fish burgers on yield, water and fat retention, n-3 fatty acids content and oxidative stability were studied. The results showed that 94% of yield, 92% of water retention and 97% of fat retention were achieved with the addition of 5.92 g of whole chia flour and 15 g of water per 100 g of burger. The n-3 fatty content increased from 704.57 ± 21.66 mg to 1551.71 ± 47.71 mg/100g of cooked burger when the chia flour was added, enhancing nutritional quality indices of lipid. A good oxidative stability, with minimum formation of conjugated dienes, hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances during 30 days frozen storage was obtained too, probably due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds with antiradical activity and reducing power in the fibrous fraction of the flour chia. The results from the present study highlight remarkable technological applications of whole chia flour as food ingredient in the design of healthier fish meat commodities.展开更多
Substantial potential exists to expand supplies of biomass for energy applications through more systematic collection of agricultural residues, more intensive cultivation of croplands, and reduced waste and losses in ...Substantial potential exists to expand supplies of biomass for energy applications through more systematic collection of agricultural residues, more intensive cultivation of croplands, and reduced waste and losses in the food chain. This study aims to show how the potential can be calculated from public information sources, to put the potential in the context of global needs for liquid transport fuels, and to suggest some practical policy options for bringing part of the potential to market. It finds that if the theoretical potential is fully realized, enough liquid biofuel could be produced to displace the equivalent of all current global liquid fuel use for transport.展开更多
Compost amendments have remarkable potential for improving soil structure, porosity and water holding capacity. Soil health is the ability to function as a living system, to sustain plant and animal productivity, to e...Compost amendments have remarkable potential for improving soil structure, porosity and water holding capacity. Soil health is the ability to function as a living system, to sustain plant and animal productivity, to enhance water and air quality, and to promote plant and animal health. Soil health can be estimated by measuring the total living microbial biomass, retained carbon, odor, and texture. Poor or deteriorating soil health is threatening food security. The potential for compost to reverse these negative trends is transformative if means and methods for large scale composting and compost amendments can be developed. A field-scale compost soil amendment project was implemented in Rapid City, South Dakota. The compost was added to a soil plot at 5 wt% and 10 wt% and the results were compared with an adjacent untreated plot without any compost addition. Measurements of soil health characteristics indicate that compost amendments improve soil health, crop yields, and soil water content. Treating soils with compost has the potential to reverse global deteriorating soil health.展开更多
基金the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71673137)the Nanjing Agricultural University, China (Y0201400037, SKCX2015004)+4 种基金the Education Department of Jiangsu Province, China (2014SJD069)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)the China Center for Food Security Studies at Nanjing Agricultural UniversityJiangsu Rural Development and Land Policy Research InstituteJiangsu Agriculture Modernization Decision Consulting Center, China
文摘This study investigated the adverse effect of surface ozone on the maize yield using a unique panel from 880 counties in China.To identify the impact of elevated surface ozone concentrations,we constructed an econometric model by controlling the impact of climate variables and related economic variables.This study also considered the potential spatial correlation in the measurement of the impact of surface ozone on maize yield.Results confirmed that the increase of ozone concentration decreased the maize yield.Moreover,maize was found to be the most sensitive to ozone at the end of the second month of the growing season.The average annual loss of maize caused by ozone pollution is about 4.234 million tons in 2013–2015,accounting for 1.9%of the average output.
文摘Several potentially practical biochemical processes in plant systems still remain hidden, especially the NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) synthesis of nongenetic code-based RNA that optimizes crop nutritious yield by degrading superfluous genetic code-based RNA. In continued characterization of the biochemistry of cowpea grain yield, GDH was purified by electrophoresis from seeds of cowpea treated with solutions of stoichiometric mixes of mineral salts. The GDH was made to synthesize RNAs in the amination (α-KG/NADH/</span><span><span></span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and then in the deamination (L-Glu/NAD</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) direction. The initial product RNAs were captured and sequenced. The grand challenge was to discover the specific molecular roles of the redox enzyme in the optimization of cowpea grain yields. In the amination direction, the GDH hexamers synthesized plus-RNA, but in the deamination direction</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> they synthesized minus-RNA. The plus-RNAs and minus-RNAs were homologous to about the same numbers of different mRNAs encoding the key enzymes that regulate photosynthesis;saccharide biochemistry and glycolysis;phenylpropanoid biosynthesis;nodulation nitrogen fixing processes;dehydrin drought and glutathione environmental stress resistance processes;purine, pyrimidine, DNA, RNA and essential amino acid biosynthesis;storage protein vicilin accumulation;isoflavone earliness of cowpea maturity;peroxidase synthesis of lignin and sequestration of CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to enrich soil organic carbon contents;triglyceride physiology in the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds that render cowpea resistant to insects and fungi;etc</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, all of which constitute the GDH chemical pathways for discrimination of biochemical, physiological, metabolic, genetic reactions;and optimization of cowpea dry grain yields. Each stoichiometric mix of mineral salts produced optimally yielding biochemical variant of purple hull cowpea;the K</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K mix was spectacular because it increased the grain yield to 7598 kg from the 3644 kg</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ha</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in the control cowpea. Optimized nutritious staple crop yield buttresses food security. The synthesis of plus-RNA in amination and minus-RNA in deamination is an economic tactical plan in biochemistry for the selection of superfluous mRNAs that would be degraded to assure the survival of cowpea growing under unfavorable environmental conditions.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Foundation Project of Southwest University(SWU1109039)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(SWU1109039)
文摘We build the influence function empirical model of China's grain production at the present stage in view of the factors influencing direct grain subsidies,using Cobb-Douglas production function model.And we estimate the elasticity coefficient of impact of China's direct grain subsidies on grain yield,using the panel data pertaining to 29 provinces in the period 2004-2007;comparatively analyze the validity and limitation of policy factors of direct grain subsidies on China's grain yield.The results show that at the present stage,the elasticity coefficient of impact of China's direct grain subsidies on grain yield is 0.002 3,and under the existing subsidy system and level,direct grain subsidies play a positive role in increasing grain yield,but the role is limited;the elasticity coefficient of impact of the food price on grain yield is much larger than that of impact of direct grain subsidies on grain yield.Therefore,the government should strengthen and improve direct grain subsidy policies;in the mean time,pay full attention to the use of market mechanism to consolidate the basic role of the food price in promoting food security to a great extent.
文摘In this paper, the effect of the addition of whole chia flour and water at cooked fish burgers on yield, water and fat retention, n-3 fatty acids content and oxidative stability were studied. The results showed that 94% of yield, 92% of water retention and 97% of fat retention were achieved with the addition of 5.92 g of whole chia flour and 15 g of water per 100 g of burger. The n-3 fatty content increased from 704.57 ± 21.66 mg to 1551.71 ± 47.71 mg/100g of cooked burger when the chia flour was added, enhancing nutritional quality indices of lipid. A good oxidative stability, with minimum formation of conjugated dienes, hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances during 30 days frozen storage was obtained too, probably due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds with antiradical activity and reducing power in the fibrous fraction of the flour chia. The results from the present study highlight remarkable technological applications of whole chia flour as food ingredient in the design of healthier fish meat commodities.
文摘Substantial potential exists to expand supplies of biomass for energy applications through more systematic collection of agricultural residues, more intensive cultivation of croplands, and reduced waste and losses in the food chain. This study aims to show how the potential can be calculated from public information sources, to put the potential in the context of global needs for liquid transport fuels, and to suggest some practical policy options for bringing part of the potential to market. It finds that if the theoretical potential is fully realized, enough liquid biofuel could be produced to displace the equivalent of all current global liquid fuel use for transport.
文摘Compost amendments have remarkable potential for improving soil structure, porosity and water holding capacity. Soil health is the ability to function as a living system, to sustain plant and animal productivity, to enhance water and air quality, and to promote plant and animal health. Soil health can be estimated by measuring the total living microbial biomass, retained carbon, odor, and texture. Poor or deteriorating soil health is threatening food security. The potential for compost to reverse these negative trends is transformative if means and methods for large scale composting and compost amendments can be developed. A field-scale compost soil amendment project was implemented in Rapid City, South Dakota. The compost was added to a soil plot at 5 wt% and 10 wt% and the results were compared with an adjacent untreated plot without any compost addition. Measurements of soil health characteristics indicate that compost amendments improve soil health, crop yields, and soil water content. Treating soils with compost has the potential to reverse global deteriorating soil health.
