Objective: This study aimed to explore the experiences of women in the process of formula feeding their infants. The World Health Organization has emphasized the importance of breastfeeding for infant health. After de...Objective: This study aimed to explore the experiences of women in the process of formula feeding their infants. The World Health Organization has emphasized the importance of breastfeeding for infant health. After decades of breastfeeding promotions,breastfeeding rates in Hong Kong have been rising consistently; however, the low continuation rate is alarming. This study explores women's experiences with formula feeding their infants, including factors affecting their decision to do so.Methods: A qualitative approach using an interpretative phenomenological analysis(IPA) was adopted as the study design. Data were collected from 2014 to 2015 through individual in-depth unstructured interviews with 16 women, conducted between 3 and 12 months after the birth of their infant. Data were analyzed using IPA.Results: Three main themes emerged as follows:(1) self-struggle, with the subthemes of feeling like a milk cow and feeling trapped;(2) family conflict, with the subtheme of sharing the spotlight; and(3) interpersonal tensions, with the subthemes of embarrassment,staring, and innocence. Many mothers suffered various stressors and frustrations during breastfeeding. These findings suggest a number of pertinent areas that need to be considered in preparing an infant feeding campaign.Conclusions: The findings of this study reinforce our knowledge of women's struggles with multiple sources of pressure, such as career demands, childcare demands, and family life after giving birth. All mothers should be given assistance in making informed decisions about the optimal approach to feeding their babies given their individual situation and be provided with support to pursue their chosen feeding method.展开更多
目的 探究不同喂养方式与矫正月龄0~5月龄晚期早产儿(出生胎龄34~36周)生长发育的关系。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样,于2018年2月—2020年1月在华东、华北、华中、华南、西南、西北和东北7个区域共计28个调查点开展抽样调查,共纳入矫...目的 探究不同喂养方式与矫正月龄0~5月龄晚期早产儿(出生胎龄34~36周)生长发育的关系。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样,于2018年2月—2020年1月在华东、华北、华中、华南、西南、西北和东北7个区域共计28个调查点开展抽样调查,共纳入矫正月龄0~5月龄纯母乳喂养晚期早产儿48例和添加配方奶喂养晚期早产儿53例。由调查员采用自制问卷面对面调查早产儿母亲或其它主要监护人,收集婴儿基本特征和喂养情况等信息,测量婴儿的身长、体重和头围数据。以纯母乳喂养晚期早产儿的矫正月龄和性别为匹配变量,通过倾向性评分匹配0~5月龄纯母乳喂养足月儿48例作为参照,评估不同喂养方式晚期早产儿与纯母乳喂养足月儿生长发育的差异。采用Z评分和体重增长速率评价婴儿生长发育状况,采用方差分析比较3组婴儿的生长发育情况,采用多重线性回归调整潜在混杂因素后分析喂养方式对晚期早产儿生长发育的影响。结果 矫正月龄0~5月龄纯母乳喂养晚期早产儿与添加配方奶喂养晚期早产儿的年龄别身长Z评分(length for age Z-score, LAZ)、年龄别体重Z评分(weight for age Z-score, WAZ)、身长别体重Z评分(weight for length Z-score, WLZ)、年龄别体质指数Z评分(body mass index for age Z-score, BAZ)以及体重增长速率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);纯母乳喂养晚期早产儿与纯母乳喂养足月儿的LAZ、WAZ、WLZ、BAZ以及体重增长速率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但添加配方奶喂养晚期早产儿的WAZ和年龄别头围Z评分(head circumference for age Z-score, HCZ)分别比纯母乳喂养足月儿高0.41(P=0.03)和0.44(P=0.02),两组间LAZ、WLZ、BAZ和体重增长速率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 矫正月龄0~5月龄纯母乳喂养晚期早产儿的生长发育与纯母乳喂养足月儿相似,添加配方奶喂养促进晚期早产儿体重增加,而非身长增长。展开更多
AIM:To investigate factors associated with breastfeeding duration(BD) in a sample of mothers living in Greece.METHODS:Four hundred and twenty-eight mothers(438 infants) were initially recruited in a tertiary Universit...AIM:To investigate factors associated with breastfeeding duration(BD) in a sample of mothers living in Greece.METHODS:Four hundred and twenty-eight mothers(438 infants) were initially recruited in a tertiary University Hospital.Monthly telephone interviews(1665in total) using a structured questionnaire(one for each infant) were conducted until the sixth postpartum month.Cox regression analysis was used to assess factors influencing any BD.RESULTS:Any breastfeeding rates in the first,third,and sixth month of the infant's life reached 87.5%,57.0%and 38.75%,respectively.In the multivariate analysis,maternal smoking in the lactation period[hazard-ratio(HR) = 4.20]and psychological status(HR = 1.72),and the introduction of a pacifier(HR =2.08),were inversely associated,while higher maternal education(HR_(university/college vs primary/high school) = 0.53,HR_(master's vs primary/high school) = 0.20),and being an immigrant(HR = 0.35) were positively associated with BD.CONCLUSION:Public health interventions should focus on campaigns against smoking during lactation,target women of lower educational status,and endorse the delayed introduction of pacifiers.展开更多
Objective: The effects of semi-solid enteral formula were investigated in tube feeding patients with aspiration pneumonia and/or diarrhea caused by liquid enteral formula. Methods: In 25 cases of aspiration pneumonia ...Objective: The effects of semi-solid enteral formula were investigated in tube feeding patients with aspiration pneumonia and/or diarrhea caused by liquid enteral formula. Methods: In 25 cases of aspiration pneumonia and 10 cases of diarrhea (5 cases had both aspiration pneumonia and diarrhea) caused by liquid enteral formula, the rate of improvement by changing the liquid enteral formula to semi-solid enteral formula was studied. The semi-solid enteral formula (PG Soft®EJ) was infused via the nasogastric tube (16Fr) or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube (20Fr). Results: The semi-solid enteral formula was effective in 72% of aspiration pneumonia cases and in 80% of diarrhea cases. Constipation was observed in one case but was controlled with magnesium oxide. Conclusion: In cases of aspiration pneumonia and/or diarrhea, changing liquid enteral formula to semi-solid enteral formula frequently shows improvement.展开更多
Mortality is normal and natural in aquaculture experiments. However, it becomes a problem when measuring feed intake as a component of nutrient utilization parameters such as： feed conversion ratio, feed conversion e...Mortality is normal and natural in aquaculture experiments. However, it becomes a problem when measuring feed intake as a component of nutrient utilization parameters such as： feed conversion ratio, feed conversion efficiency, apparent net protein utilization, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value. In order to accurately evaluate feed intake with due consideration of mortality encountered, a formulae was developed using empirical data obtained from an experiement that had mortality. The formulae Fwas： total feed consumed by numbers of survived fishes=DL∑i=1n（Fi/Ni）N. Where, D=Numbers of days fishes were fed within each period ibefore it was adjusted（e.g fortnight）, it was constant throught period of experiment; F=Uantity of feed fed per day for a fortnight before the quantity was adjusted, it changed every fortnight; L=Numbers of living fishes at the end of experimental period; N=Numbers of fishes at each weighing period, it might change every fortnight or might be constant if no mortality occurred; while n=Numbers of times fishes were weighed and quantity of feed was adjusted but this did not include the final weighing at the termination of experiment. However, if the fishes were weighed weekly, then D=6.展开更多
In the carpet tufting machine,feed rollers are used to guide the yarns positively.After deducing the general Euler formula of yarn tension under positive guide of rollers,a conclusion is got that the tension of yarns ...In the carpet tufting machine,feed rollers are used to guide the yarns positively.After deducing the general Euler formula of yarn tension under positive guide of rollers,a conclusion is got that the tension of yarns at the output side of each roller tends to decrease one by one.Afterwards,a computing formula of wrap angle of yarn passing through the feed roller is deduced by application of triangle geometry method.By analyzing the effect of each parameter on the yarn tension,values of the space between rollers and the roller diameter are proposed for design reference,and relations between the yarn tension and the two key parameters,the friction coefficient of roller surface and the speed of rollers,are illustrated in detail.Consequently,a policy is drawn out to control the yarn tension.The results of this paper provide not only theory foundation for empirical settings of the operational parameters of tufting machine,but also theory support for further research on yarn tension-control methods.展开更多
文摘Objective: This study aimed to explore the experiences of women in the process of formula feeding their infants. The World Health Organization has emphasized the importance of breastfeeding for infant health. After decades of breastfeeding promotions,breastfeeding rates in Hong Kong have been rising consistently; however, the low continuation rate is alarming. This study explores women's experiences with formula feeding their infants, including factors affecting their decision to do so.Methods: A qualitative approach using an interpretative phenomenological analysis(IPA) was adopted as the study design. Data were collected from 2014 to 2015 through individual in-depth unstructured interviews with 16 women, conducted between 3 and 12 months after the birth of their infant. Data were analyzed using IPA.Results: Three main themes emerged as follows:(1) self-struggle, with the subthemes of feeling like a milk cow and feeling trapped;(2) family conflict, with the subtheme of sharing the spotlight; and(3) interpersonal tensions, with the subthemes of embarrassment,staring, and innocence. Many mothers suffered various stressors and frustrations during breastfeeding. These findings suggest a number of pertinent areas that need to be considered in preparing an infant feeding campaign.Conclusions: The findings of this study reinforce our knowledge of women's struggles with multiple sources of pressure, such as career demands, childcare demands, and family life after giving birth. All mothers should be given assistance in making informed decisions about the optimal approach to feeding their babies given their individual situation and be provided with support to pursue their chosen feeding method.
文摘目的 探究不同喂养方式与矫正月龄0~5月龄晚期早产儿(出生胎龄34~36周)生长发育的关系。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样,于2018年2月—2020年1月在华东、华北、华中、华南、西南、西北和东北7个区域共计28个调查点开展抽样调查,共纳入矫正月龄0~5月龄纯母乳喂养晚期早产儿48例和添加配方奶喂养晚期早产儿53例。由调查员采用自制问卷面对面调查早产儿母亲或其它主要监护人,收集婴儿基本特征和喂养情况等信息,测量婴儿的身长、体重和头围数据。以纯母乳喂养晚期早产儿的矫正月龄和性别为匹配变量,通过倾向性评分匹配0~5月龄纯母乳喂养足月儿48例作为参照,评估不同喂养方式晚期早产儿与纯母乳喂养足月儿生长发育的差异。采用Z评分和体重增长速率评价婴儿生长发育状况,采用方差分析比较3组婴儿的生长发育情况,采用多重线性回归调整潜在混杂因素后分析喂养方式对晚期早产儿生长发育的影响。结果 矫正月龄0~5月龄纯母乳喂养晚期早产儿与添加配方奶喂养晚期早产儿的年龄别身长Z评分(length for age Z-score, LAZ)、年龄别体重Z评分(weight for age Z-score, WAZ)、身长别体重Z评分(weight for length Z-score, WLZ)、年龄别体质指数Z评分(body mass index for age Z-score, BAZ)以及体重增长速率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);纯母乳喂养晚期早产儿与纯母乳喂养足月儿的LAZ、WAZ、WLZ、BAZ以及体重增长速率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但添加配方奶喂养晚期早产儿的WAZ和年龄别头围Z评分(head circumference for age Z-score, HCZ)分别比纯母乳喂养足月儿高0.41(P=0.03)和0.44(P=0.02),两组间LAZ、WLZ、BAZ和体重增长速率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 矫正月龄0~5月龄纯母乳喂养晚期早产儿的生长发育与纯母乳喂养足月儿相似,添加配方奶喂养促进晚期早产儿体重增加,而非身长增长。
文摘AIM:To investigate factors associated with breastfeeding duration(BD) in a sample of mothers living in Greece.METHODS:Four hundred and twenty-eight mothers(438 infants) were initially recruited in a tertiary University Hospital.Monthly telephone interviews(1665in total) using a structured questionnaire(one for each infant) were conducted until the sixth postpartum month.Cox regression analysis was used to assess factors influencing any BD.RESULTS:Any breastfeeding rates in the first,third,and sixth month of the infant's life reached 87.5%,57.0%and 38.75%,respectively.In the multivariate analysis,maternal smoking in the lactation period[hazard-ratio(HR) = 4.20]and psychological status(HR = 1.72),and the introduction of a pacifier(HR =2.08),were inversely associated,while higher maternal education(HR_(university/college vs primary/high school) = 0.53,HR_(master's vs primary/high school) = 0.20),and being an immigrant(HR = 0.35) were positively associated with BD.CONCLUSION:Public health interventions should focus on campaigns against smoking during lactation,target women of lower educational status,and endorse the delayed introduction of pacifiers.
文摘Objective: The effects of semi-solid enteral formula were investigated in tube feeding patients with aspiration pneumonia and/or diarrhea caused by liquid enteral formula. Methods: In 25 cases of aspiration pneumonia and 10 cases of diarrhea (5 cases had both aspiration pneumonia and diarrhea) caused by liquid enteral formula, the rate of improvement by changing the liquid enteral formula to semi-solid enteral formula was studied. The semi-solid enteral formula (PG Soft®EJ) was infused via the nasogastric tube (16Fr) or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube (20Fr). Results: The semi-solid enteral formula was effective in 72% of aspiration pneumonia cases and in 80% of diarrhea cases. Constipation was observed in one case but was controlled with magnesium oxide. Conclusion: In cases of aspiration pneumonia and/or diarrhea, changing liquid enteral formula to semi-solid enteral formula frequently shows improvement.
文摘Mortality is normal and natural in aquaculture experiments. However, it becomes a problem when measuring feed intake as a component of nutrient utilization parameters such as： feed conversion ratio, feed conversion efficiency, apparent net protein utilization, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value. In order to accurately evaluate feed intake with due consideration of mortality encountered, a formulae was developed using empirical data obtained from an experiement that had mortality. The formulae Fwas： total feed consumed by numbers of survived fishes=DL∑i=1n（Fi/Ni）N. Where, D=Numbers of days fishes were fed within each period ibefore it was adjusted（e.g fortnight）, it was constant throught period of experiment; F=Uantity of feed fed per day for a fortnight before the quantity was adjusted, it changed every fortnight; L=Numbers of living fishes at the end of experimental period; N=Numbers of fishes at each weighing period, it might change every fortnight or might be constant if no mortality occurred; while n=Numbers of times fishes were weighed and quantity of feed was adjusted but this did not include the final weighing at the termination of experiment. However, if the fishes were weighed weekly, then D=6.
文摘In the carpet tufting machine,feed rollers are used to guide the yarns positively.After deducing the general Euler formula of yarn tension under positive guide of rollers,a conclusion is got that the tension of yarns at the output side of each roller tends to decrease one by one.Afterwards,a computing formula of wrap angle of yarn passing through the feed roller is deduced by application of triangle geometry method.By analyzing the effect of each parameter on the yarn tension,values of the space between rollers and the roller diameter are proposed for design reference,and relations between the yarn tension and the two key parameters,the friction coefficient of roller surface and the speed of rollers,are illustrated in detail.Consequently,a policy is drawn out to control the yarn tension.The results of this paper provide not only theory foundation for empirical settings of the operational parameters of tufting machine,but also theory support for further research on yarn tension-control methods.
