Reliability of the commercially available Cigua-Check? test kits to identify ciguateric fish was evaluated by assessing the uniformity of conclusions by multiple readers examining identical sticks. One hundred and eig...Reliability of the commercially available Cigua-Check? test kits to identify ciguateric fish was evaluated by assessing the uniformity of conclusions by multiple readers examining identical sticks. One hundred and eighty-eight samples of two types of reef fish were tested for ciguatera using Cigua-Check? test strips. Paired subsamples of all specimens were also analyzed via the more rigorous N2a neuroblastoma mouse bioassay that is specific for aberration of Na+-channel activity that is presumptive for ciguatera fish poisoning. In a double blind trial, four individuals visually examined identical Cigua-Check? strips to conclude whether the samples were positive or negative for ciguatera. Of the 121 samples that were shown to be positively ciguatoxic via bioassay, the four strip readers were in agreement in concluding positive ciguateric status in 9.9% of the samples;these four readers concluded these positive samples were negative for ciguatera in 26.2% of these bioassay-positive samples. Of the 67 samples that were shown in N2a bioassay to be negatively ciguatoxic, the four readers were in agreement in concluding a negative ciguateric status in 26.9% of the samples;these four strip readers concluded these same samples were positive for ciguatera in 14.9% of these negative samples. The low levels of uniform conclusions among readers examining identical test strips, and the low frequency of agreement with the correct ciguateric status as shown by separate N2a neuroblastoma analyses indicate severe short-comings in the reliability of these test kits to accurately reflect the ciguateric status of samples. The level of uncertainty associated with Cigua-Check? test kits indicate a continuing need for improvement of a simple, rapid, and reliable means to identify ciguateric fish.展开更多
<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">The aim of this work was to use fish processing waste (FW) as main substrate for anaerobic digestion. To enhance the...<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">The aim of this work was to use fish processing waste (FW) as main substrate for anaerobic digestion. To enhance the biogas production of FW, co-digestion was done with two other substrates: cow dung (CD) and waste of market (MW). Batch test was carried out in an 1</span><span "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L glass digester in a temperature controlled chamber at 38</span><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. The following mixtures were carried out: FW with CD respectively at different ratios 100:0% (A), 80:20%</span></span><span "=""> </span><span "="" style="font-family:Verdana;">(B) and 60:40% (C);FW with MW at the following ratio 80:20% (D);FW with CD and MW respectively at these ratios 80:10:10% (F) and 60:20:20% (G). The biogas produced was measured using a milligas counter</span><sup><span style="color:#4F4F4F;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:Verdana;">®</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></sup><span "="" style="font-family:Verdana;"> and the volume of gas was recorded. The gas composition was determined using gas chromatography. With a pH stable for raw substrates and mixtures, TS and VS (%TS) contents for FW were respectively 31.01% and 91.55%. Between 3 to 13 days of experimentation, the highest flow rate was observed. The percentage of methane was more important for mixtures B and D, 61% and 59% respectively. pH and VOA/T</span><span "="" style="font-family:Verdana;">IC were stable at the end of the batch test for all mixtures, meaning that the organic matter was already well digested. The highest values of Volatile Solid Removal (VSR) were found for mixtures C, D, F and G. Therefore, the promising mixtures for next experimentations in large scale are B and D.</span> </div>展开更多
文摘Reliability of the commercially available Cigua-Check? test kits to identify ciguateric fish was evaluated by assessing the uniformity of conclusions by multiple readers examining identical sticks. One hundred and eighty-eight samples of two types of reef fish were tested for ciguatera using Cigua-Check? test strips. Paired subsamples of all specimens were also analyzed via the more rigorous N2a neuroblastoma mouse bioassay that is specific for aberration of Na+-channel activity that is presumptive for ciguatera fish poisoning. In a double blind trial, four individuals visually examined identical Cigua-Check? strips to conclude whether the samples were positive or negative for ciguatera. Of the 121 samples that were shown to be positively ciguatoxic via bioassay, the four strip readers were in agreement in concluding positive ciguateric status in 9.9% of the samples;these four readers concluded these positive samples were negative for ciguatera in 26.2% of these bioassay-positive samples. Of the 67 samples that were shown in N2a bioassay to be negatively ciguatoxic, the four readers were in agreement in concluding a negative ciguateric status in 26.9% of the samples;these four strip readers concluded these same samples were positive for ciguatera in 14.9% of these negative samples. The low levels of uniform conclusions among readers examining identical test strips, and the low frequency of agreement with the correct ciguateric status as shown by separate N2a neuroblastoma analyses indicate severe short-comings in the reliability of these test kits to accurately reflect the ciguateric status of samples. The level of uncertainty associated with Cigua-Check? test kits indicate a continuing need for improvement of a simple, rapid, and reliable means to identify ciguateric fish.
文摘<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">The aim of this work was to use fish processing waste (FW) as main substrate for anaerobic digestion. To enhance the biogas production of FW, co-digestion was done with two other substrates: cow dung (CD) and waste of market (MW). Batch test was carried out in an 1</span><span "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L glass digester in a temperature controlled chamber at 38</span><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. The following mixtures were carried out: FW with CD respectively at different ratios 100:0% (A), 80:20%</span></span><span "=""> </span><span "="" style="font-family:Verdana;">(B) and 60:40% (C);FW with MW at the following ratio 80:20% (D);FW with CD and MW respectively at these ratios 80:10:10% (F) and 60:20:20% (G). The biogas produced was measured using a milligas counter</span><sup><span style="color:#4F4F4F;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:Verdana;">®</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></sup><span "="" style="font-family:Verdana;"> and the volume of gas was recorded. The gas composition was determined using gas chromatography. With a pH stable for raw substrates and mixtures, TS and VS (%TS) contents for FW were respectively 31.01% and 91.55%. Between 3 to 13 days of experimentation, the highest flow rate was observed. The percentage of methane was more important for mixtures B and D, 61% and 59% respectively. pH and VOA/T</span><span "="" style="font-family:Verdana;">IC were stable at the end of the batch test for all mixtures, meaning that the organic matter was already well digested. The highest values of Volatile Solid Removal (VSR) were found for mixtures C, D, F and G. Therefore, the promising mixtures for next experimentations in large scale are B and D.</span> </div>
