We consider the psychophysical experiments in which the test subject’s binary reaction is determined by the prescribed exposure duration to a stimulus and a random variable subjective threshold. For example, when a s...We consider the psychophysical experiments in which the test subject’s binary reaction is determined by the prescribed exposure duration to a stimulus and a random variable subjective threshold. For example, when a subject is exposed to a millimeter wave beam for a prescribed duration, the occurrence of flight action is binary (yes or no). In experiments, in addition to the binary outcome, the actuation time of flight action is also recorded if it occurs;the delay from the initiation time to the actuation time of flight action is the human reaction time, which is not measurable. In this study, we model the random subjective threshold as a Weibull distribution and formulate an inference method for estimating the human reaction time, from data of prescribed exposure durations, binary outcomes and actuation times of flight action collected in a sequence of tests. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the inference of human reaction time based on the Weibull distribution converges to the correct value even when the underlying true model deviates from the inference model. This robustness of the inference method makes it applicable to real experimental data where the underlying true model is unknown.展开更多
2025年5月,美国血液和生物治疗促进协会(the Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies,AABB)与国际输血医学指南协作组(the International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines,ICTMG)联合发布新版...2025年5月,美国血液和生物治疗促进协会(the Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies,AABB)与国际输血医学指南协作组(the International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines,ICTMG)联合发布新版《血小板输注指南》。该指南基于21项随机对照试验(RCT)和13项高质量观察性研究,采用推荐分级的评价、制定与评估系统(the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation,GRADE)进行证据分析,将“限制性血小板输注策略”确立为核心,旨在推动全球血小板输注实践的规范化与同质化。指南适用范围广泛,涵盖成人、儿童、新生儿等不同群体,包括血液系统疾病患者、干细胞移植患者、围手术期患者、登革热患者及接受有创操作的患者等。指南设置了死亡率(2%)、2~4级出血(20%)、3~4级出血(5%)三类关键结局的最小重要差异(MIDs)阈值,用于证据确定性分级。在重要推荐方面,明确了高度/中度可信的强烈推荐(如化疗或异体干细胞移植的非出血性血小板减少症患者血小板计数<10×10^(9)/L时输注、无严重出血的新生儿消耗性血小板减少症患者计数<25×10^(9)/L时输注、登革热无大出血患者不输注等)及低度/极低度可信的有条件推荐(如自体干细胞移植成人患者有条件不推荐预防性输注、中心静脉置管成人患者计数<10×10^(9)/L时条件性输注等),同时阐述了过敏反应、发热反应、输血相关急性肺损伤(TRALI)等常见血小板输血反应及其风险。该指南通过降低输注阈值、细化风险分层,可减少不必要输注及相关不良反应,缓解血小板资源短缺;未来需进一步补充体外循环、放射介入等领域的循证证据,并探索体外诱导分化血小板、通用工程血小板等技术以优化输血实践。展开更多
文摘We consider the psychophysical experiments in which the test subject’s binary reaction is determined by the prescribed exposure duration to a stimulus and a random variable subjective threshold. For example, when a subject is exposed to a millimeter wave beam for a prescribed duration, the occurrence of flight action is binary (yes or no). In experiments, in addition to the binary outcome, the actuation time of flight action is also recorded if it occurs;the delay from the initiation time to the actuation time of flight action is the human reaction time, which is not measurable. In this study, we model the random subjective threshold as a Weibull distribution and formulate an inference method for estimating the human reaction time, from data of prescribed exposure durations, binary outcomes and actuation times of flight action collected in a sequence of tests. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the inference of human reaction time based on the Weibull distribution converges to the correct value even when the underlying true model deviates from the inference model. This robustness of the inference method makes it applicable to real experimental data where the underlying true model is unknown.
文摘2025年5月,美国血液和生物治疗促进协会(the Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies,AABB)与国际输血医学指南协作组(the International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines,ICTMG)联合发布新版《血小板输注指南》。该指南基于21项随机对照试验(RCT)和13项高质量观察性研究,采用推荐分级的评价、制定与评估系统(the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation,GRADE)进行证据分析,将“限制性血小板输注策略”确立为核心,旨在推动全球血小板输注实践的规范化与同质化。指南适用范围广泛,涵盖成人、儿童、新生儿等不同群体,包括血液系统疾病患者、干细胞移植患者、围手术期患者、登革热患者及接受有创操作的患者等。指南设置了死亡率(2%)、2~4级出血(20%)、3~4级出血(5%)三类关键结局的最小重要差异(MIDs)阈值,用于证据确定性分级。在重要推荐方面,明确了高度/中度可信的强烈推荐(如化疗或异体干细胞移植的非出血性血小板减少症患者血小板计数<10×10^(9)/L时输注、无严重出血的新生儿消耗性血小板减少症患者计数<25×10^(9)/L时输注、登革热无大出血患者不输注等)及低度/极低度可信的有条件推荐(如自体干细胞移植成人患者有条件不推荐预防性输注、中心静脉置管成人患者计数<10×10^(9)/L时条件性输注等),同时阐述了过敏反应、发热反应、输血相关急性肺损伤(TRALI)等常见血小板输血反应及其风险。该指南通过降低输注阈值、细化风险分层,可减少不必要输注及相关不良反应,缓解血小板资源短缺;未来需进一步补充体外循环、放射介入等领域的循证证据,并探索体外诱导分化血小板、通用工程血小板等技术以优化输血实践。
