Nitrogen(N)is unevenly distributed throughout the soil and plant roots proliferate in N-rich soil patches.However,the relationship between the root response to localized N supply and maize N uptake efficiency among di...Nitrogen(N)is unevenly distributed throughout the soil and plant roots proliferate in N-rich soil patches.However,the relationship between the root response to localized N supply and maize N uptake efficiency among different genotypes is unclear.In this study,four maize varieties were evaluated to explore genotypic differences in the root response to local N application in relation to N uptake.A split-root system was established for hydroponically-grown plants and two methods of local N application(local banding and local dotting)were examined in the field.Genotypic differences in the root length response to N were highly correlated between the hydroponic and field conditions(r>0.99).Genotypes showing high response to N,ZD958,XY335 and XF32D22,showed 50‒63%longer lateral root length and 36‒53%greater root biomass in N-rich regions under hydroponic conditions,while the LY13 genotype did not respond to N.Under field conditions,the root length of the high-response genotypes was found to increase by 66‒75%at 40‒60 cm soil depth,while LY13 showed smaller changes in root length.In addition,local N application increased N uptake at the post-silking stage by 16‒88%in the high-response genotypes and increased the grain yield of ZD958 by 10‒12%.Moreover,yield was positively correlated with root length at 40‒60 cm soil depth(r=0.39).We conclude that local fertilization should be used for high-response genotypes,which can be rapidly identified at the seedling stage,and selection for“local-N responsive roots”can be a promising trait in maize breeding for high nitrogen uptake efficiency.展开更多
Although the use of heterosis in maize breeding has increased crop productivity,the genetic causes underlying heterosis for nitrogen(N) use efficiency(NUE) have been insufficiently investigated.In this study,five N-re...Although the use of heterosis in maize breeding has increased crop productivity,the genetic causes underlying heterosis for nitrogen(N) use efficiency(NUE) have been insufficiently investigated.In this study,five N-response traits and five low-N-tolerance traits were investigated using two inbred line populations(ILs) consisting of recombinant inbred lines(RIL) and advanced backcross(ABL) populations,derived from crossing Ye478 with Wu312.Both populations were crossed with P178 to construct two testcross populations.IL populations,their testcross populations,and the midparent heterosis(MPH)for NUE were investigated.Kernel weight,kernel number,and kernel number per row were sensitive to N level and ILs showed higher N response than did the testcross populations.Based on a highdensity linkage map,138 quantitative trait loci(QTL) were mapped,each explaining 5.6%–38.8% of genetic variation.There were 52,34 and 52 QTL for IL populations,MPH,and testcross populations,respectively.The finding that 7.6% of QTL were common to the ILs and their testcross populations and that 11.7% were common to the MPH and testcross population indicated that heterosis for NUE traits was regulated by non-additive and non-dominant loci.A QTL on chromosome 5 explained 27% of genetic variation in all of the traits and Gln1-3 was identified as a candidate gene for this QTL.Genome-wide prediction of NUE traits in the testcross populations showed 14%–51% accuracy.Our results may be useful for clarifying the genetic basis of heterosis for NUE traits and the candidate gene may be used for genetic improvement of maize NUE.展开更多
In recent decades, the migration rates of the large cities of Punjab have been risen up to a considerable level due to the lack of employment opportunities as well as lack of facilities in the rural areas of the provi...In recent decades, the migration rates of the large cities of Punjab have been risen up to a considerable level due to the lack of employment opportunities as well as lack of facilities in the rural areas of the province. It has caused an unprecedented and unplanned urbanization across the urban areas of the province. This study has been undertaken to perform fractal analysis about the sprawl in rapidly growing city. GIS and remote sensing data have been used in this study as an emerging technology which is cost effective as well as accurate at the same time. Landsat images have been taken for the study and the sprawl has been calculated with the analysis of the data of each decade for past more than 40 years. It has been observed that the built up area is 47.8 to 141.12 Sq. Km whereas the pattern of urban settlement has been classified as clustered and linear, following the roads network. The temporal population growth also seconded these results. The population growth rate and population density increase, are based on the pixel based extraction of the data from satellite imagery for the period of 2000 to 2014, which is taken as a decision support tool. In 2000, the population of the district increased from 2,071,694 (1981 census) to 2,939,907 and then in 2013, it became 4,384,191 at a rate to 2.93% upturn per annum. Moreover, the study also reveals the extent of the growth of other land uses as well which may be taken as a reference that in an agricultural country like Pakistan, the natural resources are being wasted (by urbanization of the fertile land). There must be some master planning to avoid such things in the other cities as well.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a common, and potentially life threatening condition, which can be divided into variceal and non-variceal sources of bleeding. OBJECTIVE: To examine the validity o...BACKGROUND: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a common, and potentially life threatening condition, which can be divided into variceal and non-variceal sources of bleeding. OBJECTIVE: To examine the validity of the upper gastrointestinal bleeding etiology score compared to the current gold standard, the emergency Esophagogastroduodenos-copy (EGD), for determining the etiology of UGIB. METHODOLOGY: 101 patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding presented in the emergency department of Capital Hospital, Islamabad between February 2010 and March 2012 were in- cluded in this cross-sectional study. The upper gastrointestinal bleeding score was computed for each case by accounting for the clinical parameters of previous diagnosis of cirrhosis or signs of chronic liver disease × 3.1, presence of red vomitus × 1.5, and red N/G aspirate × 1.2. Each parameter was given a score of 1 if present, and 0 if absent, with a total score ≥3.1 favoring variceal bleed, and a score of <3.1 indicating non-variceal bleeding as a cause of UGIB. Esophago-gastroduodenoscopy was performed within 72 hours of presentation. RESULTS: The mean ± SD age of the patients was 50.2 ± 14.1 years ranging from 18 to 80 years. Out of 101 patients, 56% were males while the remaining 44% were females. The sensitivity of the UGIB score was 78.2% and the specificity was 84.3%. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 91.5% and negative predictive value (NPV) was 64.2%. The overall diagnostic accuracy of UGIB score in determining variceal bleeding was found to be 80.2%. CONCLUSION: Variceal bleeding is a common cause of UGIB in Pakistan. UGIB etiology score is a highly sensitive and specific clinical tool in determining the etiology of UGIB as either variceal or non-variceal bleeding.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy is a relatively ill-characterized condition, which is often under-diagnosed due to absence of defined diagnostic criteria. ECG showing corrected QT Interval prolongation is the mos...BACKGROUND: Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy is a relatively ill-characterized condition, which is often under-diagnosed due to absence of defined diagnostic criteria. ECG showing corrected QT Interval prolongation is the most suitable available option for diagnosis of this condition. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of corrected QT interval prolongation in patients with liver cirrhosis. METHODOLOGY: Patients (n = 166) with confirmed cirrhosis, 30 years or older, presented in the outpatient and emergency department of medicine at Capital Hospital Islamabad between 1 October 2011 and 30 September 2012, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study after taking consent. ECG was done using calibrated ECG machine, and the QT Interval was measured. Corrected QT was calculated using Bazett’s formula and a QTc of more than 0.44 seconds was considered as being prolonged. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 57.05 ± 12.03 years. The corrected QT Interval varied from 337 ms to 560 ms. The mean QTc Interval was 429.92 ms ± 45.11. QTc was prolonged in 41 out of 166 patients (24.7%). Frequency of QTc prolongation was 4.5% in Child Pugh Grade A, 23.2% in Child Pugh Grade B, and 32.0% in Child Pugh Grade C. Association of Child Pugh Scoring with QTc prolongation was determined and found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: QTc interval was prolonged in 24.7% of cirrhotic patients in our study. There was a significant increase in frequency with worsening of Child Pugh Grade, thereby indicating an association between QTc prolongation and the severity of cirrhosis.展开更多
Metformin is known to be an effective treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin induced lactic acidosis (MALA) is a serious illness which should identify and treat urgently. In this review articl...Metformin is known to be an effective treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin induced lactic acidosis (MALA) is a serious illness which should identify and treat urgently. In this review article, we will present our own data and review the literature to highlight the importance of recognizing MALA;causes, presentations and the proper treatment, even though there are few published studies discussing MALA treatment modalities. The two cases that we presented here were patients admitted to the ICU and undergoing hemodynamic instability, which improved after removal of Metformin and clearance of associated lactic acidosis with SLED and CVVH. A case could be made for SLED and CVVH as modalities of choice for patients with MALA and hemodynamic instability, but further research is needed in this direction.展开更多
Last couple of decades witnessed a rapid escalation in urban temperature of Peshawar city and its neighboring localities. This alarming condition gave birth to climatic term Urban Heat Island (UHI) created drastic alt...Last couple of decades witnessed a rapid escalation in urban temperature of Peshawar city and its neighboring localities. This alarming condition gave birth to climatic term Urban Heat Island (UHI) created drastic alteration in surface temperatures. In this study, thermal infrared remote sensing data has been employed to map out and monitor such micro-climatic variation in temperatures in land use/land cover exposed surface to the environment. To assess these outcomes resulting from human activities, Landsat TM data band 6 was subjected through ERDAS Imagine 2013. For further processing, ARC GIS helped a lot in making maps to pinpoint the heat island in and around the city. Moreover, a relationship of land surface temperature with urban sprawl, environmental and industrialization was established. This study has shown a substantial upsurge in temperature about 1 to 3 degrees. Urban sprawl and industrialization at the edges are accounting for these conditions. Urban and industrial data has also reinforced the fact being drawn from remotely sensed data. Hence, evaluation of Land surface temperature data captured through remote satellite has proven to be effective tool not only for monitoring and analyzing temperature but also for assessing its adverse impacts on the environment and climate.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Pyogenic and amoebic liver abscesses are rare, potentially lethal conditions. In this study, we aimed to examine the clinical and pathological differences between them. METHODS: Patients with confirmed liv...BACKGROUND: Pyogenic and amoebic liver abscesses are rare, potentially lethal conditions. In this study, we aimed to examine the clinical and pathological differences between them. METHODS: Patients with confirmed liver abscesses were divided into two groups: the pyogenic (n = 47) and amoebic group (n = 21), which were analyzed for differences in clinical and laboratory findings. RESULTS: Amoebic liver abscesses presented most frequently in young adults (14 - 30 years;71%), whereas pyogenic liver abscesses were most commonly observed in adults 41 - 50 years (49%). Indirect hemagglutination test revealed a 100% positive response in the amoebic group, whereas 68% of the pyogenic group presented with blood/pus culture. Multiple abscesses were observed in 66% and 24% of patients in the pyogenic and amoebic group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pyogenic abscesses were commonly observed in older patients, and were associated with features such as markedly deranged liver function test, higher prothrombin time, and multiple abscesses, compared to amoebic abscess. Early and improved diagnoses and differentiation between the two conditions, followed by the correct treatment, can help prevent serious complications and lead to an overall improved mortality rate.展开更多
Background: Depression is relatively prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Knowing the frequency of depression in these patients, the association with variables such as stage of disease, education, and i...Background: Depression is relatively prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Knowing the frequency of depression in these patients, the association with variables such as stage of disease, education, and income status may be helpful in devising strategies for better management. Methods: We examined 315 patients diagnosed with CKD presented in the outpatient and emergency department of medicine at Capital Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan. Depression was diagnosed according to the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale of depressive episode. Results: In the dialysis group, 83.8% were depression positive, while in the pre-dialysis group only 61.3% of patients were given the same diagnosis (P < 0.05). A significant association was moreover found between depression and education status (P < 0.05), but not for income status. Conclusions: Considering the high incidence of depression in CKD patients, screenings should be routinely performed in order to identify and treat depression in its early stages for these patients.展开更多
Diseases are a potential threat to global food security but plants have evolved an extensive array of methodologies to cope with the invading pathogens. Non-host resistance and quantitative re- sistance are broad spec...Diseases are a potential threat to global food security but plants have evolved an extensive array of methodologies to cope with the invading pathogens. Non-host resistance and quantitative re- sistance are broad spectrum forms of resistance, and all kinds of resistances are controlled by extremely diverse genes called ＂R- genes＂. R-genes follow different mechanisms to defend plants and PAMP-induced defenses in susceptible host plants are referred to as basal resistance. Genetic and phenotypic diversity are vital in maize （Zea mays L.）; as such, genome wide association study （GWAS） along with certain other methodologies can explore the maximum means of genetic diversity. Exploring the complete genetic archi- tecture to manipulate maize genetically reduces the losses from hazardous diseases. Genomic studies can reveal the interaction be- tween different genes and their pathways. By confirming the specific role of these genes and protein-protein interaction （proteomics） via advanced molecular and bioinformatics tools, we can shed a light on the most complicated and abstruse phenomena of resistance.展开更多
Improving nutritional fruit quality and impacts important agro-traits such as biotic or abiotic stresses are extremely important for human civilization.Our previous study reported that manipulation of Sl MX1 gene enha...Improving nutritional fruit quality and impacts important agro-traits such as biotic or abiotic stresses are extremely important for human civilization.Our previous study reported that manipulation of Sl MX1 gene enhanced carotenoids accumulation and drought resistance in tomato.Here,RNA-Seq analysis proved to be a very useful tool to provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms of Sl MX1 involved in stress resistance and enhanced secondary metabolites.Physiological analysis showed that overexpression of Sl MX1 results in substantially increased broad-spectrum tolerance to a wide-range of abiotic and biotic(fungus,bacteria,virus and insects) stresses in tomato.This research appears to be of remarkable interest because enhanced terpenoids content has been achieved by increasing trichome density.In addition,we reported two types of trichome which seems to be aberrant types in tomato.This study unravels the mechanism of regulation of Sl MX1,which simultaneously modulates resistance and metabolic processes through regulating key structural and regulatory genes of the corresponding pathways.展开更多
基金supported by the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(321CXTD443)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972485 and 31971948).
文摘Nitrogen(N)is unevenly distributed throughout the soil and plant roots proliferate in N-rich soil patches.However,the relationship between the root response to localized N supply and maize N uptake efficiency among different genotypes is unclear.In this study,four maize varieties were evaluated to explore genotypic differences in the root response to local N application in relation to N uptake.A split-root system was established for hydroponically-grown plants and two methods of local N application(local banding and local dotting)were examined in the field.Genotypic differences in the root length response to N were highly correlated between the hydroponic and field conditions(r>0.99).Genotypes showing high response to N,ZD958,XY335 and XF32D22,showed 50‒63%longer lateral root length and 36‒53%greater root biomass in N-rich regions under hydroponic conditions,while the LY13 genotype did not respond to N.Under field conditions,the root length of the high-response genotypes was found to increase by 66‒75%at 40‒60 cm soil depth,while LY13 showed smaller changes in root length.In addition,local N application increased N uptake at the post-silking stage by 16‒88%in the high-response genotypes and increased the grain yield of ZD958 by 10‒12%.Moreover,yield was positively correlated with root length at 40‒60 cm soil depth(r=0.39).We conclude that local fertilization should be used for high-response genotypes,which can be rapidly identified at the seedling stage,and selection for“local-N responsive roots”can be a promising trait in maize breeding for high nitrogen uptake efficiency.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD1200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31972485,31971948)the Hainan Provincial Science and Technology Plan Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City Joint Project(320LH011)。
文摘Although the use of heterosis in maize breeding has increased crop productivity,the genetic causes underlying heterosis for nitrogen(N) use efficiency(NUE) have been insufficiently investigated.In this study,five N-response traits and five low-N-tolerance traits were investigated using two inbred line populations(ILs) consisting of recombinant inbred lines(RIL) and advanced backcross(ABL) populations,derived from crossing Ye478 with Wu312.Both populations were crossed with P178 to construct two testcross populations.IL populations,their testcross populations,and the midparent heterosis(MPH)for NUE were investigated.Kernel weight,kernel number,and kernel number per row were sensitive to N level and ILs showed higher N response than did the testcross populations.Based on a highdensity linkage map,138 quantitative trait loci(QTL) were mapped,each explaining 5.6%–38.8% of genetic variation.There were 52,34 and 52 QTL for IL populations,MPH,and testcross populations,respectively.The finding that 7.6% of QTL were common to the ILs and their testcross populations and that 11.7% were common to the MPH and testcross population indicated that heterosis for NUE traits was regulated by non-additive and non-dominant loci.A QTL on chromosome 5 explained 27% of genetic variation in all of the traits and Gln1-3 was identified as a candidate gene for this QTL.Genome-wide prediction of NUE traits in the testcross populations showed 14%–51% accuracy.Our results may be useful for clarifying the genetic basis of heterosis for NUE traits and the candidate gene may be used for genetic improvement of maize NUE.
文摘In recent decades, the migration rates of the large cities of Punjab have been risen up to a considerable level due to the lack of employment opportunities as well as lack of facilities in the rural areas of the province. It has caused an unprecedented and unplanned urbanization across the urban areas of the province. This study has been undertaken to perform fractal analysis about the sprawl in rapidly growing city. GIS and remote sensing data have been used in this study as an emerging technology which is cost effective as well as accurate at the same time. Landsat images have been taken for the study and the sprawl has been calculated with the analysis of the data of each decade for past more than 40 years. It has been observed that the built up area is 47.8 to 141.12 Sq. Km whereas the pattern of urban settlement has been classified as clustered and linear, following the roads network. The temporal population growth also seconded these results. The population growth rate and population density increase, are based on the pixel based extraction of the data from satellite imagery for the period of 2000 to 2014, which is taken as a decision support tool. In 2000, the population of the district increased from 2,071,694 (1981 census) to 2,939,907 and then in 2013, it became 4,384,191 at a rate to 2.93% upturn per annum. Moreover, the study also reveals the extent of the growth of other land uses as well which may be taken as a reference that in an agricultural country like Pakistan, the natural resources are being wasted (by urbanization of the fertile land). There must be some master planning to avoid such things in the other cities as well.
文摘BACKGROUND: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a common, and potentially life threatening condition, which can be divided into variceal and non-variceal sources of bleeding. OBJECTIVE: To examine the validity of the upper gastrointestinal bleeding etiology score compared to the current gold standard, the emergency Esophagogastroduodenos-copy (EGD), for determining the etiology of UGIB. METHODOLOGY: 101 patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding presented in the emergency department of Capital Hospital, Islamabad between February 2010 and March 2012 were in- cluded in this cross-sectional study. The upper gastrointestinal bleeding score was computed for each case by accounting for the clinical parameters of previous diagnosis of cirrhosis or signs of chronic liver disease × 3.1, presence of red vomitus × 1.5, and red N/G aspirate × 1.2. Each parameter was given a score of 1 if present, and 0 if absent, with a total score ≥3.1 favoring variceal bleed, and a score of <3.1 indicating non-variceal bleeding as a cause of UGIB. Esophago-gastroduodenoscopy was performed within 72 hours of presentation. RESULTS: The mean ± SD age of the patients was 50.2 ± 14.1 years ranging from 18 to 80 years. Out of 101 patients, 56% were males while the remaining 44% were females. The sensitivity of the UGIB score was 78.2% and the specificity was 84.3%. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 91.5% and negative predictive value (NPV) was 64.2%. The overall diagnostic accuracy of UGIB score in determining variceal bleeding was found to be 80.2%. CONCLUSION: Variceal bleeding is a common cause of UGIB in Pakistan. UGIB etiology score is a highly sensitive and specific clinical tool in determining the etiology of UGIB as either variceal or non-variceal bleeding.
文摘BACKGROUND: Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy is a relatively ill-characterized condition, which is often under-diagnosed due to absence of defined diagnostic criteria. ECG showing corrected QT Interval prolongation is the most suitable available option for diagnosis of this condition. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of corrected QT interval prolongation in patients with liver cirrhosis. METHODOLOGY: Patients (n = 166) with confirmed cirrhosis, 30 years or older, presented in the outpatient and emergency department of medicine at Capital Hospital Islamabad between 1 October 2011 and 30 September 2012, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study after taking consent. ECG was done using calibrated ECG machine, and the QT Interval was measured. Corrected QT was calculated using Bazett’s formula and a QTc of more than 0.44 seconds was considered as being prolonged. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 57.05 ± 12.03 years. The corrected QT Interval varied from 337 ms to 560 ms. The mean QTc Interval was 429.92 ms ± 45.11. QTc was prolonged in 41 out of 166 patients (24.7%). Frequency of QTc prolongation was 4.5% in Child Pugh Grade A, 23.2% in Child Pugh Grade B, and 32.0% in Child Pugh Grade C. Association of Child Pugh Scoring with QTc prolongation was determined and found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: QTc interval was prolonged in 24.7% of cirrhotic patients in our study. There was a significant increase in frequency with worsening of Child Pugh Grade, thereby indicating an association between QTc prolongation and the severity of cirrhosis.
文摘Metformin is known to be an effective treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin induced lactic acidosis (MALA) is a serious illness which should identify and treat urgently. In this review article, we will present our own data and review the literature to highlight the importance of recognizing MALA;causes, presentations and the proper treatment, even though there are few published studies discussing MALA treatment modalities. The two cases that we presented here were patients admitted to the ICU and undergoing hemodynamic instability, which improved after removal of Metformin and clearance of associated lactic acidosis with SLED and CVVH. A case could be made for SLED and CVVH as modalities of choice for patients with MALA and hemodynamic instability, but further research is needed in this direction.
文摘Last couple of decades witnessed a rapid escalation in urban temperature of Peshawar city and its neighboring localities. This alarming condition gave birth to climatic term Urban Heat Island (UHI) created drastic alteration in surface temperatures. In this study, thermal infrared remote sensing data has been employed to map out and monitor such micro-climatic variation in temperatures in land use/land cover exposed surface to the environment. To assess these outcomes resulting from human activities, Landsat TM data band 6 was subjected through ERDAS Imagine 2013. For further processing, ARC GIS helped a lot in making maps to pinpoint the heat island in and around the city. Moreover, a relationship of land surface temperature with urban sprawl, environmental and industrialization was established. This study has shown a substantial upsurge in temperature about 1 to 3 degrees. Urban sprawl and industrialization at the edges are accounting for these conditions. Urban and industrial data has also reinforced the fact being drawn from remotely sensed data. Hence, evaluation of Land surface temperature data captured through remote satellite has proven to be effective tool not only for monitoring and analyzing temperature but also for assessing its adverse impacts on the environment and climate.
文摘BACKGROUND: Pyogenic and amoebic liver abscesses are rare, potentially lethal conditions. In this study, we aimed to examine the clinical and pathological differences between them. METHODS: Patients with confirmed liver abscesses were divided into two groups: the pyogenic (n = 47) and amoebic group (n = 21), which were analyzed for differences in clinical and laboratory findings. RESULTS: Amoebic liver abscesses presented most frequently in young adults (14 - 30 years;71%), whereas pyogenic liver abscesses were most commonly observed in adults 41 - 50 years (49%). Indirect hemagglutination test revealed a 100% positive response in the amoebic group, whereas 68% of the pyogenic group presented with blood/pus culture. Multiple abscesses were observed in 66% and 24% of patients in the pyogenic and amoebic group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pyogenic abscesses were commonly observed in older patients, and were associated with features such as markedly deranged liver function test, higher prothrombin time, and multiple abscesses, compared to amoebic abscess. Early and improved diagnoses and differentiation between the two conditions, followed by the correct treatment, can help prevent serious complications and lead to an overall improved mortality rate.
文摘Background: Depression is relatively prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Knowing the frequency of depression in these patients, the association with variables such as stage of disease, education, and income status may be helpful in devising strategies for better management. Methods: We examined 315 patients diagnosed with CKD presented in the outpatient and emergency department of medicine at Capital Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan. Depression was diagnosed according to the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale of depressive episode. Results: In the dialysis group, 83.8% were depression positive, while in the pre-dialysis group only 61.3% of patients were given the same diagnosis (P < 0.05). A significant association was moreover found between depression and education status (P < 0.05), but not for income status. Conclusions: Considering the high incidence of depression in CKD patients, screenings should be routinely performed in order to identify and treat depression in its early stages for these patients.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31161140347)
文摘Diseases are a potential threat to global food security but plants have evolved an extensive array of methodologies to cope with the invading pathogens. Non-host resistance and quantitative re- sistance are broad spectrum forms of resistance, and all kinds of resistances are controlled by extremely diverse genes called ＂R- genes＂. R-genes follow different mechanisms to defend plants and PAMP-induced defenses in susceptible host plants are referred to as basal resistance. Genetic and phenotypic diversity are vital in maize （Zea mays L.）; as such, genome wide association study （GWAS） along with certain other methodologies can explore the maximum means of genetic diversity. Exploring the complete genetic archi- tecture to manipulate maize genetically reduces the losses from hazardous diseases. Genomic studies can reveal the interaction be- tween different genes and their pathways. By confirming the specific role of these genes and protein-protein interaction （proteomics） via advanced molecular and bioinformatics tools, we can shed a light on the most complicated and abstruse phenomena of resistance.
基金supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(2011CB100601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31070267)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Ministry of Education in China(NCET-09-0401)
文摘Improving nutritional fruit quality and impacts important agro-traits such as biotic or abiotic stresses are extremely important for human civilization.Our previous study reported that manipulation of Sl MX1 gene enhanced carotenoids accumulation and drought resistance in tomato.Here,RNA-Seq analysis proved to be a very useful tool to provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms of Sl MX1 involved in stress resistance and enhanced secondary metabolites.Physiological analysis showed that overexpression of Sl MX1 results in substantially increased broad-spectrum tolerance to a wide-range of abiotic and biotic(fungus,bacteria,virus and insects) stresses in tomato.This research appears to be of remarkable interest because enhanced terpenoids content has been achieved by increasing trichome density.In addition,we reported two types of trichome which seems to be aberrant types in tomato.This study unravels the mechanism of regulation of Sl MX1,which simultaneously modulates resistance and metabolic processes through regulating key structural and regulatory genes of the corresponding pathways.
