摘要
空气微生物是城市生态系统重要的生物组成部分 ,空气中广泛分布的细菌、真菌孢子、放线菌和病毒等生物粒子不仅具有极其重要的生态功能 ,还与城市空气污染 ,城市环境质量和人体健康密切相关。从生态系统角度出发 ,着重论述了城市微生物气溶胶的粒谱范围、空气微生物的主要类型、空气微生物浓度的时空变化和空气微生物群落结构的影响因素。综述结果表明 :城市微生物气溶胶的粒谱范围为 0 .0 0 2～ 30 μm;在调查的城市中 ,空气细菌有 2 1属 ,其中优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属 (Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属 (Staphylococcus)、微球菌属 (Micrococcus)和微杆菌属 (Microbacterium ) ,真菌有 2 1属 ,其中优势菌属为交链孢属(Alternaria)、青霉属 (Penicillium)、曲霉属 (Aspergillus)和木霉属 (Trichoderma) ,放线菌共有 7属 ;一年中冬季空气微生物浓度最低 ,一天中空气微生物浓度在 8:0 0～ 10 :0 0出现高峰 ,2 :0 0～ 4 :0 0或者 12 :0 0～ 14 :0 0出现低峰 ,交通干线和商业区空气微生物的浓度较高 ,公园绿地较低 ,并且随着高度的增加空气微生物浓度随之减少 ;污染因子 SO2 、NO2 、NO和环境因素风速风向、温度、相对湿度、光照、雨、雪等影响空气微生物的数量和浓度。在经济发达 ,人口流动较多的城市如北京、上海。
Airborne microbes are important biological components in urban ecosystem, they have a direct relation with ecological balance and many life phenomena in nature, and play much important roles in natural cycle of matter. The biological particles, such as bacteria, fungus spores, antinomyces, virus and so on, are widely distributed in the air. Soil, water, animal and plant life, human beings are the main sources of airborne microbes. Moreover, sewage sludge treatment, animal feeding, fermentation course and rural activity are the important sources of airborne microbes. They have not only important ecological functions, but also have close relation with urban air pollution, environment quality and human health. Understanding the community structure and dynamic fluctuation of airborne microbes in the urban ecosystem will be helpful in urban planning and management. This paper is a literature summary and study on progresses of airborne microbe in the urban ecosystem. The particle range of microbiological aerosol, the main types, the space-time fluctuation of airborne microbe concentration and the influence factors of its community structure in the urban ecosystem were discussed. The literature survey suggested that the particle chart of microbiological aerosol ranges from 0.002μm to 30μm, The particle sizes of different microbiological aerosol have much difference, such as virus, bacteria, fungi, algae, spore, pollen is 0.015～0.045μm, 0.3～15μm, 3～100μm, 0.5μm, 6～60μm, 1～100μm respectively. Amongst 21 genera of bacteria recorded, Micrococcus, Bacillus, Staphyloccus, Microbacterium are dominant. Gram positive bacteria are much more than gram negative bacteria. Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Trichoderma are dominant in 21 fungal genera and there have 7 genera of actinomyces. The concentration of airborne microbes, whether bacteria or fungi, is different in different temporal hours. In a year it is lowest in the winter. During day, it is highest from 8:00 to 10:00h while low from 2:00 to 4:00 or from 12:00 to 14:00. Due to location, it is highest around the main traffic line and commercial center, while lowest in garden greenbelt. The amount of microbes decrease with the increasing of height and is influenced by the pollutant factor and environmental factor, such as SO_2, NO_2, NO, wind, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, rainfall and snowfall etc. Due to more species of airborne microbe, there is lot of facility to spread all kinds of diseases in the economy-developed and population-overloaded cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou etc. By literature investigation, it could also be found that the research on airborne microbe based on the viewpoint of ecosystem, especially their ecological function should be encouraged. The future development trend of airborne microbes was discussed in the last.
出处
《生态学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2004年第2期315-322,共8页
Acta Ecologica Sinica
基金
中国科学院知识创新工程方向性资助项目 (KZCX3 -SW-4 2 4)~~
关键词
城市生态系统
空气微生物
群落结构
动态变化
urban ecosystem
airborne microbe
community structure
dynamic fluctuation
