摘要
起源于先秦,盛行于秦汉的郎官在中国历史上沿着由内向外和由高向低的两种趋势发展、演变。"由内向外"即指郎官从侍卫、参谋的天子近臣逐步给事外朝官吏,诸郎名称与其给事的官职日趋固定化。"由高向低"是指郎官由"官郎"走向庶民,即郎官之平民化。郎官在沿着上述两种趋势演变的过程中,汉武帝创制的郎官给事中外朝制度和东汉的三署郎补吏制度无疑起着加速剂的作用。历经九品中正选官体制占主导的魏晋南北朝,郎官完成了这两种趋势的演变。隋唐以降,中枢郎官如"侍郎"、"郎中"、"员外郎"基本不再变化;而郎官自上而下的趋势虽有隋唐"贵郎"之反复,终改变不了郎官平民化的趋势。宋代以来,各行各业的平民均可自称或他称为郎,郎逐渐成为从事低贱工作者的代名词。郎官之外朝化与平民化是中国古代"近官"外朝化与平民化的典型个案。
Langguan originated from pre-Qin,and prevailed in Qin and Han dynasties.It has two directions:from inside to outside and from high to low.During the development of the two directions,it is no doubt that the system was created by Emperor Han Wu and in Eastern Han dynasty took accelerating action.Through Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern dynasties ,Langguan completed the evolution of the two trends.Since Sui and Tang dynasties,Langguan in central organizations had no more changes;though there is reiteration of gui lang in Sui and Tang dynasties,Langguan finally turns to populacization.
出处
《史学月刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2004年第1期24-31,共8页
Journal of Historical Science
关键词
郎官
演变
外朝化
平民化
Langguan
evolution
populacization
outcourtization
