1Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn I N, et aL Effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure[M]. N Eegl J Med, 1996, 334: 1349--1355.
2CIBIS--Ⅱ investigators and committees. The cardiac insuffi-ciency bisoprolol study Ⅱ (CIBIS Ⅱ ) a randomiged trial[J].Lancet, 1999, 353(9 146): 9--13.
3MERIT-- HF study group. Effect of metoprolo CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL randomiged intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF)[M]. Lancet,1999, 353:2001--2007.
4Cardiac insufficiency bioprolol study (CIBIS) investigation and committees. A randomiged trial of beta--blockade in heart failure[M], Circulation, 1994, 90:1765--1773.
5Michal R, Brietow M R. Mechanism of action of Betablockinf a-gents in heart failure[J]. Am G Cardiol, 1997, 80 (11A):26L--40L.
6Esler M. Clinical application of noradrenaline spillover methodology, delineation of regional human sympathetic nervous responses[M]. Pharmacol Tosicol, 1993, 73:243--253.