摘要
本文从调节碳水化合物水解肝脏糖和脂肪代谢等方面系统综述了植物多糖降血糖的活性机制。在调节碳水化合物水解方面,金耳多糖、黑茶多糖等能有效抑制肠道α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性,延缓淀粉分解与葡萄糖吸收,从而降低餐后血糖。在调节肝脏代谢方面,植物多糖通过双向调控发挥作用:一方面通过激活葡萄糖激酶,抑制糖异生酶等糖代谢关键酶活性,促进葡萄糖利用与糖原合成;另一方面通过激活磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶(PI3K/Akt)、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)等胰岛素信号通路,增强肝细胞对葡萄糖的摄取能力并改善机体胰岛素抵抗。在调节脂肪代谢方面,甘草多糖、苹果渣多糖等能显著改善糖尿病伴随的血脂异常,降低血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯等水平,通过缓解脂毒性间接改善胰岛素敏感性与血糖控制。抗炎与抗氧化是植物多糖发挥功效的重要辅助途径,能通过下调肿瘤坏死因子-α等炎症因子水平,抑制慢性炎症反应,从而减轻炎症介导的胰岛素抵抗;同时提升超氧化物歧化酶等内源性抗氧化酶活性,清除自由基,减轻氧化应激对胰岛β细胞的损伤。此外,植物多糖还可通过调控神经内分泌轴和抑制肠道糖转运蛋白基因表达等方式协同发挥降血糖作用。本文为从植物资源中挖掘降糖活性物质提供参考。
This article systematically reviewed the hypoglycemic activity mechanism of plant polysaccharides from the perspective of regulating carbohydrate hydrolysis,hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism.In terms of regulating carbohydrate hydrolysis,polysaccharides such as those from Tremella aurantialba and dark tea were found to effectively inhibit the activities of intestinalα-amylase andα-glucosidase,thereby delaying starch decomposition and glucose absorption and reducing postprandial blood glucose.Regarding liver metabolism regulation,polysaccharides were demonstrated to function bidirectionally:on one hand,they regulated key enzymes involved in glucose metabolism,such as by activating glucokinase and inhibiting gluconeogenic enzymes,promoting glucose utilization and glycogen synthesis;on the other hand,they activated insulin signaling pathways,including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt)and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)pathways,enhancing glucose uptake by hepatocytes and improving insulin resistance.In the regulation of lipid metabolism,glycyrrhiza polysaccharide and apple pomace polysaccharide have been shown to significantly improve lipid abnormalities associated with diabetes,lowering levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides.This alleviation of lipotoxicity indirectly improved insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control.Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects were identified as important auxiliary pathways through which polysaccharides exert their functions,which can reduce inflammation mediated insulin resistance by downregulating the levels of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α,inhibiting chronic inflammatory responses;simultaneously enhancing the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,clearing free radicals,and reducing oxidative stress damage to pancreatic beta cells.Furthermore,plant polysaccharides can also synergistically exert hypoglycemic effects by regulating the neuroendocrine axis and inhibiting the expression of intestinal glucose transporter genes.This paper provides a reference for the exploration of hypoglycemic active substances from plant resources.
作者
王博
张悦
吕丹桐
韩美玲
王嵩然
王晚秋
陈伟
Wang Bo;Zhang Yue;Lyu Dantong;Han Meiling;Wang Songran;Wang Wanqiu;Chen Wei(College of Science,Beihua University,Jilin 132013,China)
出处
《安徽农学通报》
2026年第5期104-108,共5页
Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin
基金
吉林省教育厅科学研究项目(JJKH20250808KJ)
吉林省大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202410201161)
吉林省大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202510201024)
北华大学校级重点教育教学改革项目(XJZD20240005)。
关键词
植物多糖
降血糖
胰岛素抵抗
植物资源
plant polysaccharides
hypoglycemic
insulin resistance
plant resources
