摘要
[目的]针对东北黑土肥力下降及生物多样性锐减等问题,总结分析东北黑土关键固氮功能微生物的研究进展,为黑土可持续保护与利用研究提供科学基础。[方法]综述黑土微生物的固氮过程和固氮微生物群落特征,固氮微生物通过固氮酶的催化作用实现固氮功能,其保守固氮功能基因nif H作为标识物已在黑土固氮微生物鉴定中广泛应用。[结果]目前黑土中发现的固氮微生物主要包括Bradyrhizobium、Microbacterium、Streptomyces、Micromonospora和Desulfovibrio等类群。微生物的固氮作用会受到施肥、耕作制度及土壤养分条件等因素的影响,长期单施化肥会降低固氮菌多样性;保护性耕作能改善土壤结构,促进固氮菌定殖与活性提升;温度显著影响固氮效率,极端干旱或低温会使固氮活性大幅下降;土壤酸碱度、有机质含量等因素与固氮菌群落组成及活性密切相关。此外,固氮微生物在提高作物产量的同时也参与温室气体的排放,对生态系统氮素循环平衡起重要作用。[结论]通过系统综述东北黑土区农田土壤固氮微生物的群落结构、功能特性及生态驱动机制,可为黑土地的可持续保护与农业资源高效利用提供理论基础。
[Objective]To address issues such as the decline in fertility and sharp reduction in biodiversity observed in the black soil of Northeast China,this study summarizes and analyzes the research progress on key nitrogenfixing functional microorganisms in this region,thereby providing a scientific basis for the sustainable conservation and utilization of black soil.[Methods]The nitrogen-fixing processes of microorganisms and the characteristics of nitrogen-fixing microbial communities in black soil are reviewed.Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms achieve nitrogen fixation through the catalytic action of nitrogenase,and the conserved nitrogen-fixing functional gene nifH has been widely used as a marker to identify nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in black soil.[Results]The nitrogenfixing microorganisms currently identified in black soil mainly include Bradyrhizobium,Microbacterium,Streptomyces,Micromonospora,and Desulfovibrio.The nitrogen-fixing function of microorganisms is influenced by factors such as fertilization,tillage systems,and soil nutrient conditions.Long-term application of chemical fertilizers alone reduces the diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria,while conservation tillage enhances soil structure,fostering colonization and activity of these bacteria.Temperature significantly affects nitrogen fixation efficiency,with extreme drought or low temperatures leading to a sharp decline in nitrogenase activity.Soil pH and organic matter content are closely correlated with the composition and activity of nitrogen-fixing microbial communities.Furthermore,these microorganisms not only contribute to increasing crop yields but also participate in greenhouse gas emissions,playing an important role in maintaining the nitrogen cycle balance within ecosystems.[Conclusion]By systematically reviewing the community structure,functional characteristics,and ecological driving mechanisms of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in farmland soil of the black soil region in Northeast China,this study can provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable conservation of black soil and the efficient utilization of agricultural resources.
作者
张爽
刘涛
郝紫玉
乔晟
郑艳宁
晏磊
ZHANG Shuang;LIU Tao;HAO Ziyu;QIAO Sheng;ZHENG Yanning;YAN Lei(Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Agro-Waste in Cold Region,College of Life Science and Biotechnology,Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University,Daqing,Heilongjiang 163319,China;Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P.R.China,College of Life Science and Biotechnology,Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University,Daqing,Heilongjiang 163319,China;State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources,Institute of Microbiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China)
出处
《水土保持学报》
北大核心
2025年第6期13-26,共14页
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
基金
中国龙江森林工业集团有限公司科技计划项目(KJXMSQ2025-00042)
国家自然科学基金项目(U22A20444)
农业农村部东北平原农业绿色低碳重点实验室开放基金项目(LCGANE03)
黑龙江八一农垦大学“揭榜挂帅”科技攻关项目(JB20220001)。
关键词
固氮微生物
nif基因簇
固氮酶
黑土地保护
环境贡献
nitrogen-fixing microorganisms
nif gene cluster
nitrogenase
black soil conservation
environmental contribution
