摘要
气候变化对人权构成严重且紧迫的威胁,小岛屿国家正不成比例地承受着这一负面影响。尽管国际社会正沿着气候变化法和人权法的双重路径解决该问题,但效果相对有限,气候移民人权面临保障无门的困境。2023年底澳大利亚与图瓦卢达成“澳图睦邻友好联盟条约”是这一领域的最新实践动向。该条约的出现推动气候变化法与人权法两大体系进一步互动融合,一定程度上填补了气候移民人权保护的国际法空白。然而,条约中让渡主权权利换取人权保护的条款虽具有一定的合法性,但有违气候正义,缺失正当性基础,其本质上不仅无益于国际法治的完善,还加剧了人权保护与主权独立的冲突关系。条约中折射出的地缘政治考量,或将推动气候移民人权保护向具有政治属性的安全问题转变,进而影响太平洋地区的地缘政治格局,并阻滞中国与小岛屿国家在相关领域的合作。中国应研判该条约可能的发展动向及潜在影响,并以整体系统观为指导推动人权法和气候变化法体系的协同治理,在尊重主权的基础上与小岛屿国家开展有针对性的合作,构建中国自主的气候移民人权保护体系。
Climate change poses a severe and urgent threat to human rights,with small island states bearing a disproportionate share of this adverse impact.Although the international community is addressing this issue through the dual pathways of climate change law and human rights law,the effectiveness remains relatively limited,leaving the human rights of climate migrants in a predicament of lacking adequate protection.The Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union Treaty reached between Australia and Tuvalu at the end of 2023 represents the latest practical development in this field.The emergence of this treaty has promoted further interaction and integration between the two systems of climate change law and human rights law,filling the gap in international law regarding the protection of human rights of climate migrants to a certain extent.However,while the provisions in the treaty that exchange sovereign rights for human rights protection possess a certain degree of legality,they run counter to climate justice and lack a foundation of legitimacy.In essence,such provisions not only do not contribute to the improvement of international rule of law but also exacerbate the conflicting relationship between human rights protection and sovereign independence.The geopolitical considerations reflected in the treaty may push the protection of human rights of climate migrants towards becoming a security issue with political attributes,thereby affecting the geopolitical pattern of the Pacific region and hindering cooperation between China and small island states in relevant fields.China should assess the possible development trends and potential impacts of this treaty,promote the coordinated governance of the human rights law and climate change law systems under the guidance of a holistic and systematic perspective,carry out targeted cooperation with small island states on the basis of respecting sovereignty,and build China's independent system for protecting the human rights of climate migrants.
作者
蒋小翼
梁可儿
Jiang Xiaoyi;Liang Ke'er
出处
《人权》
2025年第5期33-54,共22页
Human Rights
基金
国家社科基金重大项目“全球环境治理中的国内法治和涉外法治统筹问题研究”(项目批准号:23&ZD166)阶段性成果
高校基本科研业务费资助。
关键词
气候移民
人权保护
澳图睦邻友好联盟条约
主权权利
小岛屿国家
Climate Migrants
Human Rights Protection
Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union Treaty
Sovereign Rights
Small Island States
