摘要
量子计算作为第二次量子革命的核心技术,正从理论构想走向实用化阶段。本文从量子计算的科学原理入手,揭示其基于量子叠加、量子纠缠等特性所实现的指数加速与在特定问题中实现计算复杂度优化的“量子优越性”。从风险维度分析,量子计算引发国家安全的技术规制风险、市场秩序的公平竞争风险和个体层面的伦理法律风险。通过对比美国技术治理谦抑理念下的维护科技领导地位与欧盟审视全球量子竞争生态下的技术保护主义,提出中国应采取包容审慎与适应性治理相融合的思路,构建政府主导的大科学装置式发展路径和技术本土化战略。在实施路径上,建议设立量子技术产业促进与发展战略机构,采取问题导向、急用先行与场景化规制的策略,并善用隐私增强技术缓解量子技术风险。在竞争与创新中,中国应保持理性规制与前瞻创新并重的治理智慧,引领“量子文明”的未来发展方向。
Quantum computing,as a core technology of the second quantum revolution,is transitioning from theoretical conception to practical application.Beginning with the scientific principles of quantum computing,this study reveals how properties such as quantum superposition and quantum entanglement enable exponential acceleration and optimization of computational complexity in specific problems—commonly referred to as“quantum advantage”.From a risk perspective,quantum computing poses challenges across three dimensions including technological regulatory risks to national security,fair competition risks in market order,and ethical as well as legal risks at the individual level.By comparing the United States restrained governance aimed at sustaining technological leadership with the European Union s techno-protectionism rooted in global quantum competition dynamics,this study proposes that China'should adopt an integrated approach of inclusive prudence and adaptive governance.It includes building a state-led,large-scale scientific infrastructure development model and a localization strategy for quantum technologies.In terms of implementation,it is recommended to establish a national agency dedicated to the promotion and development of the quantum technology industry.Regulatory strategies should be problem-oriented,prioritize urgent needs,and adopt scenario-based approaches.In addition,privacy-enhancing technologies should be leveraged to mitigate quantum-related risks.In the broader context of competition and innovation,China'should maintain a balance between rational regulation and forward-looking innovation to guide the future trajectory of a“quantum civilization.”
作者
张珺皓
Zhang Junhao(School of Law,Jilin University,Changchun 130015,China)
出处
《中国科技论坛》
北大核心
2025年第11期161-170,共10页
Forum on Science and Technology in China
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“推动新质生产力发展的法律保障研究”(24&ZD131)。
关键词
量子计算
信息安全
风险治理
技术创新
国际协同
Quantum computing
Information security
Risk governance
Technological innovation
International coordination
