摘要
《中华人民共和国生态环境法典(草案)》已向社会公开征求意见,其中备受学界关注的一项重要内容便是该法典如何处理与其他法典的关系,特别是如何处理与刑法及其附属立法的关系。就本质而言,决定生态环境法典与刑法典关系的主要考量因素是环境刑事立法模式的选择。不同的环境刑事立法模式,决定了这两者之间所采用的立法技术与衔接机制的不同。就实践样态而言,各国在长期的立法与司法活动中确实探索出了4种各具特色的环境刑事立法模式,为做区分,将其概括为政策型、分散型、多元型和统一型。研究表明:①所谓政策型模式,主要以环境刑事政策来维系生态环境法典与刑法典的衔接;②所谓分散型模式,主要通过单行环境刑法或者附属环境刑法来呈现生态环境法典与刑法典的不同价值诉求;③所谓多元型模式,是在基本承继分散型模式的基础上,又引入了刑法典的作用,它通过刑法典、单行环境刑法和附属环境刑法这三者的共同作用来类型化生态环境法典与刑法典的不同衔接需求;④所谓统一型模式,则主要以刑法典来实现对环境刑事法益的整体性保护,联结生态环境法典与刑法典的多是技术性的指引条款。由此可见,不同的环境刑事立法模式,对生态环境法典中环境刑事法律规范的构造和内容均具有不同的要求。通过对不同模式的适配性予以考察,该研究认为:①政策型模式和分散型模式基于自身的局限性不适合作为生态环境法典编纂中环境刑事立法模式,前者属于立法不成熟时期的过渡产物,后者则已经立法实践检验成为过去式。②多元型模式和统一型模式基于自身的优势成为生态环境法典编纂中可供选择的两种路径。自1997年《中华人民共和国刑法》颁布后,历次刑法修改对环境法益的保护规范均在刑法典中予以完善,并没有采用单行环境刑法或者附属环境刑法。该研究认为:统一型模式既符合中国环境法益保护的立法传统,也契合环境法益保护的实践需要,应成为法典化时代环境刑事立法模式的首选;对该模式的法典化表达应重点关注生态环境法典中引致性条款的设计与刑法典中环境法益保护内容的协同,以有效构建两部法典对环境法益保护的制度性衔接机制。
The Ecological and Environmental Code(Draft)has been publicly soliciting opinions,and one key issue that has attracted considerable academic attention is how this code deals with its relationship with other codes,especially the Criminal Law and its subordinate legislation.In essence,the primary consideration determining the relationship between the Ecological and Environmental Code and the Criminal Code is the choice of environmental criminal legislation model.Different environmental criminal legislation models determine the differences in the legislative techniques and connection mechanisms they employ.In terms of practical forms,four environmental criminal legislation models with distinct characteristics have been explored by various countries in their long-term legislative and judicial activities.For the purpose of distinction,this study categorizes them into policy-type,decentralized-type,diversified-type,and unified-type.The study shows that:①The policy-type model primarily maintains the connection between the Ecological and Environmental Code and the Criminal Code through environmental criminal policies.②The decentralized-type model primarily presents the different value claims of the Ecological and Environmental Code and the Criminal Code through a standalone environmental criminal law or subordinate environmental criminal law.③The diversified-type model,essentially inheriting the decentralized-type model,incorporates the role of the Criminal Code.It typifies different connection requirements between the Ecological and Environmental Code and the Criminal Code through the combined effect of the Criminal Code,standalone environmental criminal law,and subordinate environmental criminal law.④The unified-type model mainly secures environmental criminal legal interests through the Criminal Code,with technical guiding clauses primarily connecting the Ecological and Environmental Code and the Criminal Code.Thus,different environmental criminal legislation models have different requirements for the structure and content of environmental criminal legal norms in the Ecological and Environmental Code.By examining the adaptability of different models,this study concludes that:①The policytype and decentralized-type models are not qualified as forms of the environmental criminal legislation model in the compilation of the Ecological and Environmental Code due to their inherent limitations.The former represents the transition from the period of immature legislation,while the latter has been rendered obsolete by legislative practice.②The diversified-type and the unified-type models have become two viable paths in the compilation of the Ecological and Environmental Code based on their respective advantages.A comparative analysis of the two models shows that since the promulgation of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China in 1997,each amendment has refined the protection norms of environmental legal interests within the Criminal Code itself,without enacting standalone or subordinate environmental criminal laws.Finally,the study concludes that the unified-type model not only conforms to China's legislative tradition of environmental legal interest protection but also meets practical environmental legal interest protection needs,and should become the preferred environmental criminal legislation model in the era of codification.The codified expression of this model should focus on the coordination between the design of the inducement clause in the Ecological and Environmental Code and the content of environmental legal interest protection in the Criminal Code,so as to effectively establish a systemic connection mechanism for environmental legal interest protection between the two codes.
作者
邓海峰
李小强
DENG Haifeng;LI Xiaoqiang(School of Law,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;School of Civil and Commercial Economic Law,Gansu University of Political Science and Law,Lanzhou Gansu 730070,China)
出处
《中国人口·资源与环境》
北大核心
2025年第8期9-17,共9页
China Population,Resources and Environment
基金
教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“实现联合国可持续发展目标的国家治理体系研究”(批准号:23ZD042)
2024年甘肃省高校教师创新基金项目“自然资源损害赔偿法律救济机制研究”(批准号:2024A-097)
甘肃政法大学校级专项课题“环境法法典化的重大理论问题研究”(批准号:GZF2023XZX07)。
关键词
生态环境法典
环境刑事立法模式
环境法益
适配性
Ecological and Environmental Code
environmental criminal legislation model
environmental legal interest
adaptability
