摘要
氯酚类化合物(chlorophenols,CPs)多用于工业生产中的关键原料,因此具有较高的排放量,结合其较高的生态毒性效应,氯酚类对生态环境的潜在风险值得关注。本文收集筛选了氯酚类对土壤动植物的毒性数据,采用物种敏感度分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)法和评估因子(assessment factor,AF)法推导12种氯酚类污染物的预测无效应浓度(predicted no-effect concentration,PNEC)值。搜集了国内外土壤中氯酚类的环境暴露浓度,应用风险商值法(risk quotient,RQ)评估其潜在的生态风险水平。结果显示,基于SSD法的2-氯酚、2,4-二氯酚、2,4,5-三氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的PNEC分别为2.3751、3.4237、0.7500、7.6887和1.1619 mg·kg^(-1)。其中,2,4,5-三氯酚的PNEC值较低,表明其具有较高的潜在生态风险;2,4,6-三氯酚的PNEC值较高,风险较低。基于AF法得出的PNEC值均较低,3-氯酚、4-氯酚、3,4-二氯酚、3,5-二氯酚、2,3,5-三氯酚、2,3,6-三氯酚和2,3,4,5-四氯酚的PNEC分别为0.0519、0.0012、0.1217、0.0320、0.0032、0.0162和0.2079 mg·kg^(-1)。进一步分析发现,国内外土壤中氯酚类化合物的暴露水平存在显著差异,国外土壤中氯酚类含量普遍高于国内,其中芬兰最高;我国国内则以湖北省的污染水平相对较高。具体而言,国内湖北省某退役炼油厂和天津市某排污河沿岸的土壤中氯酚含量较高,其中湖北省2-氯酚的含量高达2.21 mg·kg^(-1)。国外芬兰的氯酚类污染物环境暴露值普遍偏高,某锯木厂附近土壤2,3,4,6-四氯酚和五氯酚的浓度分别高达17000 mg·kg^(-1)和1900 mg·kg^(-1)。这些高含量的氯酚类化合物可能与当地的工业活动及历史使用背景密切相关,特别是木材厂中木材防腐剂的广泛使用,导致氯酚类在土壤中残留量较高,达到显著水平。生态风险评估结果显示,我国部分省市土壤中氯酚类存在轻度(0.01≤RQ<0.1)和中度(0.1≤RQ<1)生态风险,未出现重度风险;国外的调查数据显示多数国家存在氯酚类中度(0.1≤RQ<1)甚至重度(RQ≥1)污染风险的现象。具体而言,国内湖北省炼油厂退役场地的2-氯酚和天津市某排污河沿岸的五氯酚存在一定的污染风险,天津市土壤中的2,3,5-三氯酚污染存在较高风险。国外荷兰和芬兰的锯木厂周边地区,以及以色列、加拿大和美国的部分地区,多数氯酚类污染物均存在重度污染风险。因此,需特别关注特定区域和特殊行业周边土壤中氯酚类污染物的生态风险问题,以制定针对性的风险管理和防控措施。
Chlorophenols(CPs),widely utilized as critical raw materials in industrial production,exhibit high environmental emissions.With their high ecotoxicity effects,the potential risks of CPs to the ecological environment warrant attention.This study collected and screened toxicity data of CPs on soil plants and animals.The species sensitivity distribution(SSD)method and the assessment factor(AF)method were used to derive the predicted no-effect concentration(PNEC)values of 12 CPs.Environmental exposure concentrations of CPs in soil from both domestic and international sources were collected,and their potential ecological risk levels were assessed using the risk quotient(RQ)method.Results indicated that the PNEC values for 2-chlorophenol,2,4-dichlorophenol,2,4,5-trichlorophenol,2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol based on SSD method were 2.3751,3.4237,0.7500,7.6887 and 1.1619 mg·kg^(-1),respectively.The PNEC value for 2,4,5-trichlorophenol is relatively low,indicating a higher potential ecological risk,while 2,4,6-trichlorophenol has a higher PNEC value and thus poses a lower risk.The PNEC values obtained using the AF method are all comparatively low.The PNEC values for 3-chlorophenol,4-chlorophenol,3,4-dichlorophenol,3,5-dichlorophenol,2,3,5-trichlorophenol,2,3,6-trichlorophenol,and 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol were determined to be 0.0519,0.0012,0.1217,0.0320,0.0032,0.0162,and 0.2079 mg·kg^(-1).Comparative analysis revealed notable disparities in CP contamination levels between domestic and international soils.Soil CPs concentrations abroad were generally higher than in China,with Finland exhibiting the highest levels.In China,the pollution level is relatively high in Hubei Province.Notably,the soil of a decommissioned refinery area in Hubei Province and a sewage river in Tianjin contain high levels of CPs,with Hubei P rovince’s 2-chlorophenol content reaching 2.21 mg·kg^(-1).The environmental exposure values of CPs in Finland are generally high,particularly near sawmills,where concentrations of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol reach 17000 mg·kg^(-1) and 1900 mg·kg^(-1).These elevated CPs levels are closely linked to local industrial activities and historical usage,especially the extensive use of wood preservatives in sawmills,leading to significant soil residual levels.RQ-based risk characterization demonstrated slight(0.01≤RQ<0.1)and moderate(0.1≤RQ<1)ecological risks in these investigated Chinese provinces,with no severe(RQ≥1)risks were observed.In contrast,foreign data indicated moderate(0.1≤RQ<1)or even severe(RQ≥1)risks of CPs in most countries.Specifically,2-chlorophenol at Hubei Province’s decommissioned oil refinery site and pentachlorophenol along a Tianjin s ewage river pose certain ecological risks,with Tianjin’s soil 2,3,5-trichlorophenol pollution presenting a high risk.Most CPs pose high contamination risk in areas surrounding sawmills in the Netherlands and Finland,as well as in parts of Israel,Canada,and the United States.Therefore,it is crucial to pay special attention to the ecological risk of CPs pollutants in the soil surrounding specific regions and special industries,and to formulate targeted risk m anagement and prevention measures.
作者
栗垚
奚佳音
西振瑜
王晓南
王学东
LI Yao;XI Jiayin;XI Zhenyu;WANG Xiaonan;WANG Xuedong(College of Resource Environment and Tourism,Capital Normal University,Beijing 100048,China;State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012,China)
出处
《生态毒理学报》
北大核心
2025年第4期349-359,共11页
Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3708705)。
关键词
土壤
氯酚类
物种敏感度分布
评估因子
生态风险
soil
chlorophenols
species sensitivity distribution
assessment factor
ecological risk
