摘要
以数字技术为支撑的各类数字体的行政组织法地位问题是确定数字体行政法律责任的前提性问题。面对科技发展的不确定性,相较于追寻主体性问题的终极结论,提供一套通向结论的判断方法是更为科学与开放的方案。人工智能等数字体主体性的判断本质上非以自然人为标尺。无论自然人还是法人作为法律主体,均是基于法律系统的“自创生”。数字行政工具、数字行政系统、智能行政工具与智能行政系统四类行政数字体,从不同维度冲击着现有行政组织体系。数字体进入行政法主体体系,需要经过“事实可行性”与“规范必要性”的双要素考量,以及“行政工具→一般法私主体→行政法公主体”的三阶段审查,满足对应阶段的条件方具有对应的行政组织法地位。目前关于自动化行政的合法性控制实质上只是第一个阶段的审查。为合理分配行政法律责任并保有人类的主体性地位,只有通过三阶段审查并得到立法授权的数字主体才能成为独立承担行政职能、具有有限人格的行政法公主体。否则,数字体仅能作为行政工具或受委托的一般法律主体。
The administrative organizational law status of various digital entities,supported by digital technology,is a prerequisite for determining their administrative legal liability.Faced with the uncertainties of technological development,providing a judgment method to reach conclusions is a more scientific and open approach than pursuing ultimate conclusions on the issue of subjectivity.The determination of subjectivity for digital entities such as artificial intelligence is not essentially measured by natural persons.Both natural and legal persons,as legal subjects,are"autopoietic"based on the legal system.Four types of administrative digital entities,including digital administrative tools,digital administrative systems,intelligent administrative tools,and intelligent administrative systems,impact the existing administrative organizational system from different dimensions.For digital entities to enter the administrative law system,they must undergo a dual-factor consideration of"factual feasibility"and"normative necessity",as well as a three-stage review:administrative tool→general legal subject→administrative law subject".Only by meeting the conditions at the corresponding stage can they possess the corresponding administrative organizational law status.Currently,the legality control of automated administration essentially constitutes only the first stage of review.To rationally allocate administrative legal liabilites and preserve the subjective status of humans,only digital entities that pass the three-stage review and receive legislative authorization can become administrative law public subjects with limited legal personality capable of independently assuming administrative functions.Otherwise,digital entities can only function as administrative tools or general legal subjects entrusted with tasks.
出处
《东方法学》
北大核心
2025年第4期17-29,共13页
Oriental Law
基金
国家社会科学基金青年项目“应急行政中行政法律责任的追究与豁免问题研究”(项目批准号:22CFX057)的阶段性研究成果
关键词
数字体
数字政府
行政组织法
自动化行政
行政主体
行政法律关系
digital entity
digital government
administrative organizational law
automated administration
administrative subject
administrative legal relations
