摘要
[背景]室内空气质量直接影响人群健康,尤其是居民室内空气中的化学污染物对儿童和老人的影响更为显著。[目的]了解石家庄市居民室内空气中常见化学污染物的污染状况,评估化学污染物对学龄儿童和老人的健康风险,为控制居民室内环境污染提供参考依据。[方法]采用分层随机抽样,于2023年7月(非采暖季)和12月(采暖季)分别从石家庄市选取2个城区和1个周边乡村共60户家庭,通过现场采样[检测项目包括:CO、CO_(2)、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、NO_(2)、SO_(2)、O_(3)、氨、甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、总挥发性有机物(TVOC)、三氯乙烯及四氯乙烯]与调查问卷收集相关数据。依照GB/T 18883—2022《室内空气质量标准》评价污染物浓度,并基于健康风险评价方法评估目标人群的吸入暴露风险。[结果]石家庄市城乡居民室内空气中,除CO、NO_(2)、SO_(2)、甲苯和二甲苯未超标,其余污染物均存在超标。城市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和CO_(2)的超标率高于农村(P<0.05);季节差异分析显示,城区的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO_(2)、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯在采暖季的超标率高于非采暖季(P<0.05);乡村氨和甲醛的超标率在非采暖季显著升高(P<0.05)。健康风险评估表明,四氯乙烯对老人吸入途径的非致癌风险危害商(HQ)最大值>1,氨、甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和三氯乙烯对儿童和老人吸入途径的非致癌风险HQ最大值均<1;甲醛对学龄儿童和老人吸入途径的致癌风险(CR)中位数均介于10^(-6)~10^(-4);苯、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯对学龄儿童和老人吸入途径的CR中位数均<10-6。[结论]石家庄市居民室内空气主要超标污染物有CO_(2)、PM_(10)、TVOC、PM_(2.5)、甲醛、氨、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯,且这些污染物的超标情况具有明显的城乡差异和季节差异。其中四氯乙烯对老人非致癌风险及甲醛对学龄儿童与老人的致癌风险需重点关注。
[Background]Indoor air quality directly affects people's health,especially the impact of chemical pollutants in residential indoor air on children and the elderly is more significant.[Objective]To understand the pollution status of common chemical pollutants in residential indoor air in Shijiazhuang,evaluate the health risks of chemical pollutants to school-age children and the elderly,and provide reference for controlling indoor pollution in residential environment.[Methods]Using stratified random sampling,a total of 60 households were selected from 2 urban areas and 1 surrounding rural area in Shijiazhuang City,specifically in July 2023(non-heating season)and December 2023(heating season),respectively.Relevant data was collected through on-site sampling[including CO,CO_(2),PM_(10),PM_(2.5),NO_(2),SO_(2),O_(3),ammonia,formaldehyde,benzene,toluene,xylene,total volatile organic compounds(TVOC),trichloroethylene,and tetrachloroethylene]and survey questionnaires.The pollutant concentrations were evaluated following the Standards for indoor air quality of GB/T 18883-2022,and the inhalation exposure risks of the target population were assessed based on the health risk assessment method.[Results]In the indoor air of the urban and rural residence in Shijiazhuang City,except for CO,NO_(2),SO_(2),toluene,and xylene,which did not exceed the standard limits,other pollutants showed varying degrees of exceedance.The non-qualified rates of PM_(10),PM_(2.5),and CO_(2)in the urban areas were higher than those in the rural areas(P<0.05).The seasonal difference analysis showed that the non-qualified rates of PM_(2.5),PM_(10),CO_(2),trichloroethylene,and tetrachloroethylene in the urban areas were higher in the heating season than in the non-heating season(P<0.05);the non-qualified rates of ammonia and formaldehyde in the rural areas increased significantly in the nonheating season(P<0.05).The health risk assessment indicated that the maximum hazard quotient(HQ)of tetrachloroethylene for the elderly exceeded 1,while the HQ values for ammonia,formaldehyde,benzene,toluene,xylene,and trichloroethylene remained below 1 for either children or the elderly.For carcinogenic risks,the median carcinogenic risk(CR)of formaldehyde for school-aged children or the elderly fell within the range of 10-6-10-4,whereas the median CR values for benzene,trichloroethylene,and tetrachloroethylene were all below 10-6.[Conclusion]The primary indoor air pollutants exceeding the national standard limits in residential areas of Shijiazhuang City include CO_(2),PM_(10),TVOC,PM_(2.5),formaldehyde,ammonia,trichloroethylene,and tetrachloroethylene.The levels of these pollutants exhibit significant urban-rural and seasonal variations.Special attention should be paid to the non-carcinogenic risk of tetrachloroethylene to the elderly and the carcinogenic risks of formaldehyde to school-age children and the elderly.
作者
张思维
丁一珊
杜茜茜
陈凤格
佟俊旺
马辉
ZHANG Siwei;DING Yishan;DU Xixi;CHEN Fengge;TONG Junwang;MA Hui(School of Public Health,North China University of Science and Technology,Tangshan Hebei 063210,China;Environmental Health Department,Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Shijiazhuang,Hebei 050011,China;Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Environment and Health Research Base(Shijiazhuang),Shijiazhuang,Hebei 050011,China;Hebei key Laboratory of Intractable Pathogens,Shijiazhuang,Hebei 050011,China)
出处
《环境与职业医学》
北大核心
2025年第6期706-711,716,共7页
Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine
关键词
室内空气
暴露
学龄儿童
老人
健康风险评估
indoor air
exposure
school-age children
elderly
health risk assessment
