摘要
清代土练与乡兵、土兵有别,是一支既能离乡远征又能本境防堵的西南边疆地方军事力量,兼具民兵和雇佣兵性质,与清朝相始终。按区域可分为改土归流区土练和土司区土练,按职能可分为额设土练和出征土练。土练的粮饷和赏恤有一个逐步接近绿营兵的制度化过程。额设土练由朝廷按月供给银两,拨给耕地,需常川驻守在府厅州县和土司区要隘,或配合汛塘协防,或在汛塘设置前承担汛塘职能。出征土练随绿营征讨,朝廷供给出征粮饷,给予赏恤。清朝为适应西南边疆管控形势而建立的土练,是朝廷平定西南各省叛乱和稳定西南边疆秩序的重要保障,其背后有很强的国家意图。
Tulian(土练)or"native troops"were a local military force on the southwest frontier in the Qing Dynasty that could not only be deployed away from home,but also defended their lo-cal area,which distinguished them from village militias(乡兵)and soldiers under the command of tribal chieftains.The tulian had characteristics of militia and mercenaries and had always existed in the Qing Dynasty.Geographically,tulian could be divided into the areas under central control and the areas administered by local chieftains.Functionally,tulian could be divided into the stationed and deployed.The allocation of provisions and rewards for tulian was gradually institutionalized and approached the levels of the Green Standard Army.The court provided the stationed tulian with monthly salaries and allocated land to cultivate.Stationed in prefectures and counties and the tribal district,tulian cooperate with garrisoned forces,or assumed garrison duties before a garrison was established.The court also provided provisions and gave rewards to tulian who went into bat-tle or deployed on expeditions with Green Standard Troops.The Qing Dynasty established tulian to adapt to the situation of control in the southwest frontier.Tulian were an important guarantee for the court's ability to quell the rebellion and stabilize the southwest frontier.A strong national-ist intention was behind the establishment of the tulian.
作者
王春桥
WANG Chunqiao(School of History and Archives, Yunnan University)
出处
《清史研究》
北大核心
2025年第4期156-168,共13页
The Qing History Journal
基金
国家社科基金项目“近代内地民众对边疆认知演变研究”(22BZS101)阶段性成果。
关键词
清代
西南边疆
土练
军权地方化
Qing Dynasty
southwest frontier
tulian
localization of military power
