摘要
康熙末年,北美对华西洋参贸易开始兴起。1721—1783年,法英两国先后垄断对华西洋参贸易,此阶段贸易以规模小、利润高为特色。美国独立后,凭借丰富的西洋参资源优势,采用薄利多销的策略迅速击败英国,获得对华西洋参贸易的垄断权,并且形成以走私为主的贸易模式。19世纪前期,美国对华西洋参贸易规模和价格一直维持相对稳定的状态。鸦片战争后,随着五口通商和税率调整,美国对华西洋参格局也逐渐发生变动。尤其是19世纪60年代后,中国市场需求迅速增加,西洋参贸易逐渐形成以中国香港作为来华西洋参总加工和中转中心,上海、汉口和广州等城市为国内区域市场的中转和消费中心的新格局。北美市场和中国市场的参价也一路高涨,供需矛盾愈发突出。美国商人采取竭泽而渔的采参方式,导致美国野外西洋参资源日益枯竭。通过民间努力和政府推动,美国开始大力发展西洋参人工栽培产业。20世纪初,美国对华西洋参贸易逐渐形成以种参为主、野参为辅的新出口模式。
The trade of the North American ginseng with China began to rise in the final years of the reign of Kangxi,the emperor of the Qing Dynasty.From 1721 to 1783,France and Britain successively monopolised the trade of ginseng.The feature of the trade during this period was small-scale with high profits.After gaining the independence,the United States rapidly defeated Britain and obtained the monopoly of the ginseng trade with China,with its advantage of abundant ginseng resources and the adoption of strategy of low margins and high turnover.This formed a trade pattern which primarily took the form of smuggling.In the early 19th century,the scale and price of the American ginseng exports to China remained relatively stable.However,after the First Opium War,the pattern of the American ginseng trade with China gradually changed with the opening of five ports and the introduction of a new tariff system.From the 1860s,the emergence of a new trade pattern was driven by the rapid expansion in the Chinese market demand.Hong Kong,china assumed the pivotal role of processing and transiting the American ginseng entering China,while Shanghai,Hankou and Guangzhou emerged as key transit and consumption centres within the domestic regional markets.Consequently,the ginseng price upsurged and the imbalance between supply and demand intensified increasingly.The exhaustive harvesting practices employed by the American merchants further exacerbated the depletion of the wild American ginseng resources.In response to those challenges,private enterprises and government-sponsored initiatives in the United States promoted the artificial cultivation of the American ginseng.By the early 20th century,that transition gradually established a new export model centring on the cultivated ginseng,with the wild ginseng playing a supplementary role.
出处
《世界历史》
北大核心
2025年第2期36-57,173,共23页
World History
