摘要
大天鹅是大中型迁徙水鸟的代表物种,开展新疆大天鹅冬季适宜生境预测和保护空缺分析对保护珍稀濒危物种及其生境具有重要意义。基于2003—2023年新疆大天鹅冬季分布数据,结合气候、人为干扰、土地利用等因素,运用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型预测大天鹅冬季适宜生境,并进行保护空缺分析,探讨现有保护地体系对新疆越冬大天鹅的保护成效。结果表明:大天鹅在新疆冬季适宜生境共有65359 km^(2),主要分布在新疆南部巴州和北部的塔城、阿勒泰,伊犁等地;影响大天鹅冬季生境适宜性的主要因素依次为土地利用类型、距水体距离、bio7(气温年范围)、距耕地距离、bio3(等温性)和距河道距离。目前以自然保护区和湿地公园等为主的保护地体系共覆盖大天鹅越冬适宜生境10304 km^(2),占适宜生境总面积的15.77%,存在较大保护空缺,且主要集中在保护区难以覆盖的人口密度集中的区域。基于以上结果,本文建议在加强对现有保护体系内的大天鹅进行严格保护和管理的基础上,探索通过尽量减少人为干扰,适当补充食物等方式对保护体系外的越冬大天鹅进行有效保护管理,以便大天鹅等珍稀濒危鸟类能在新疆顺利过冬。
The Whooper Swan is a representative species among large and medium⁃sized migratory waterbirds.Predicting suitable winter habitats and identifying protection gaps for the Whooper Swan can provide a significant basis for protecting other endangered species and their habitats.Based on the Whooper Swan winter distribution data from 2003 to 2023 and incorporating factors such as climate,anthropogenic disturbances,and land⁃use type,we utilized the Maximum Entropy(MaxEnt)model to predict the suitable winter habitat of the Whooper Swan and evaluated the effectiveness of the Xinjiang protected area system in protecting Whooper Swans in Xinjiang.The results showed that the total suitable winter habitat for the Whooper Swan is 65,359 km^(2),mainly distributed in Bortala in southern Xinjiang and Tacheng,Altay,and Ili in northern Xinjiang.The key factors affecting the suitability of the Whooper Swan′s winter habitat are land⁃use type,distance to water surface,bio7(annual temperature range),distance to cultivated land,bio3(isothermality),and distance to rivers.Currently,the protected area system,mainly composed of nature reserves and wetland parks,covers 10304 km^(2)(15.77%)of suitable wintering habitat for the whooper swan.There is a considerable gap in suitable winter habitats,which is primarily concentrated in densely populated areas that cannot be covered by protected areas.Based on the above results,we suggest strengthening the strict protection and management of the Whooper Swans within the existing protection system and exploring effective protection measures by minimizing human interference and supplementing food for swans outside the protection system.This will ensure that these endangered birds can successfully overwinter in Xinjiang.
作者
严晗
孙刚
马雪君
王克春
杨维康
徐峰
YAN Han;SUN Gang;MA Xuejun;WANG Kechun;YANG Weikang;XU Feng(State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology,Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands,Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Urumqi 830011,China;Sino-Tajikistan Joint Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources,Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Urumqi 830011,China;Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Application in Arid lands,Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Urumqi 830011,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;Xinjiang Research Institute of Forestry Science,Urumqi 830000,China;Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Ecological Adaptation and Evolution of Extreme Environment Biology,College of Life Sciences,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi 830052,China)
出处
《生态学报》
北大核心
2025年第10期4987-4999,共13页
Acta Ecologica Sinica
基金
第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2021xjkk0600)
中国科学院生物多样性监测网络项目(Sino-BON)。
