摘要
作为贯穿帝制中国后期的制度支柱和文化主脉,科举制融入了官僚政治、文化教育、日常生活等诸多领域,深刻影响着中国传统社会的发展态势。科举通过功名体系将儒家义理内化为士人阶层的价值信仰,有效维系了传统社会的长治久安。从隋唐至明清,科举制历经1 300年沧桑,从兴到改,从改到停,最终在清末新政的改革浪潮中,以废科举兴学堂戛然而止。1905年,科举停废后,学部应运而生。学部是清政府在科举停废的新形势下调和新旧体制、统筹各方利益的结果。作为中国历史上第一个专管全国学务的中央教育行政机构,学部的设立并将国子监并入是中国教育史上的重大变革,对传统教育体系产生了剧烈冲击,推动了新式教育的蓬勃发展,在中国教育管理史上具有划时代的意义。科举所承载的不仅是教育和选拔官员的功能,更是整合社会价值、沟通朝野上下的文化血脉。科举制虽然在清末被时代所否定,但曾经对维护国家统一、维护社会公平和社会稳定、促进社会流动起过重要的作用,并被东亚国家所模仿,对西方公务员考试产生过重要影响,对人类文明进程起过积极的推动作用。教育的现代化不只是简单的教育问题,而是关乎文明形态演进和治理能力重构的复杂工程。处于加快建设教育强国的关键时期,须从历史长河中把握教育发展的客观规律,在制度创新中保持文化根脉的赓续,使教育改革真正取得最大成效。
As an institutional pillar and a cultural mainstay throughout the late imperial era of China,the imperial examination system permeated through many fields such as bureaucratic politics,cultural education and daily life,exerting a profound influence on the development of traditional Chinese society.By internalizing Confucian principles into the values and beliefs of the literati through the system of official titles and honors,the imperial examinations effectively maintained the long-term stability of traditional society.Spanning over 1,300 years from the Sui-Tang to Ming-Qing dynasties,the imperial examination system evolved from its establishment to reforms,ultimately meeting its abrupt end and establishing schools in the wave of reforms amid the New Policies of the late Qing era.Following the abolition of the imperial examinations in 1905,the Board of Education(the precursor to the Ministry of Education)emerged as a product of the Qing government's efforts to reconcile old and new systems and balance interests of different sectors.The establishment of the Board of Education(the first central educational administration dedicated to national educational affairs in Chinese history),and its consolidation of the Imperial Academy became a major reform in the history of Chinese education.This had a great impact on the traditional education system,promoted the vigorous development of new education,and attained epochal significance in the history of China's educational management.The imperial examination system carried not only the functions of education and the selection of officials,but also the integration of social value and the cultural connection between the imperial court and the public.Although it was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty,the imperial examination system played an important role in maintaining national unity,social fairness and stability,and promoting social mobility;also,it invited imitation from East Asian countries,had a significant impact on Western civil service examinations,and played a positive role in promoting human civilization.The modernization of education is not merely a simple educational issue,but rather a complex endeavor that involves the evolution of civilizational forms and the restructuring of governance capacity.In the crucial era when we are accelerating the building of a powerful country in education,we need to grasp the objective laws of educational development from the long history,maintain the continuation of culture through institutional innovation,and help the educational reform to truly achieve the greatest results.
作者
刘海峰
赵凯
Liu Haifeng;Zhao Kai(College of Education,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058)
出处
《教育研究》
北大核心
2025年第4期84-98,共15页
Educational Research
关键词
科举停废
学部设立
兴办学堂
清末新政
学务
abolition of the imperial examination system
establishment of the Board of Education
establishing schools
the new policy in the late Qing Dynasty
educational affairs
