摘要
早期七言句生成机制与表达功能的关键在于两个或更多主谓结构的连缀,这建立在“三字脚”的确立与从四言韵律到五七言韵律转型的基础上。通过分段统计建安以前、建安到南朝现存的七言句句式,可发现多主谓结构两分句的数量从占据绝对优势到逐渐减少。进一步的句式统计显示,唐代律句中,简单句取代了多主谓结构的地位,占比最高,这也是七言古律句式间的重要差异。同时,受格律规则影响,七言句律化过程伴随着从4/3到2/2/3节奏的转型。
In the history of literature,the“origin of the seven-syllable poetry”has long been debated.Considering this issue in terms of the origin of the seven-syllable sentence,such sentences are still found in abundance in Elegies of Chu,and mainly in the form of two subject-predicate structures connected by the word“兮”.This is also the case in proverbs,inscriptions,and verses in prose of the same period.The key to the mechanism and function of early seven-syllable sentences is the concatenation of two or more subject-predicate structures,based on the establishment of the“three-character tail”and the transition from four-syllable to five-or seven-syllable rhyme.While the seven-syllable sentences were in the process of finding their own rhythmic pattern from using to reducing the function words,the five-syllable poems themselves also underwent the process of metamorphosis from the dominant foursyllable sentences.Moreover,the rhyming form of the early heptameter sentences also suggests that their single sentence,composed of a double subject-predicate structure,assumed an expressive function equivalent to that of a pentameter couplet.To verify this assertion,we analyzed the surviving seven-syllable sentences in the periods before Jian’an and between Jian’an and the Southern Dynasties and found that the multi-predicate structure declined from absolute dominance.Among the 917 seven-syllable sentences before Jian’an,the multiple subject-predicate structure accounted for more than 90%of the samples,a pattern that can help identify later forgeries.The proportion of multiple subject-predicate structures in the 2589 sevensyllable sentences from Jian’an to the Southern Dynasties decreased to 63%,a significant trend closely related to the dissyllabic process in Medieval Chinese,where the proliferation of dissyllabic words led to the fact that a seven-syllable sentence could serve as only one complete semantic structure.Moreover,the double subjectpredicate structures in this period also showed a more variable character.Another factor related to the declining proportion of multiple subject-predicate structures was the requirement for a couplet in the middle of a seven-syllable regulated poem,which was first seen in the Southern Dynasty.In the Tang dynasty,the simple sentence replaced the multi-predicate structure as the highest proportion of the seven-syllable regulated verses,which also resulted in important differences in the syntax of the seven-syllable regulated verses and the ancient styles.Moreover,under the influence of the metrical rules based on the two-character feet,the multi-predicate structure,which was the core of the seven-syllable sentence,was broken,and the seven-syllable regulated poem completed its metamorphosis from the ancient ones,establishing its own metrical rhythm,i.e.,from 4/3 to 2/2/3.At the same time,we can see that the idea that“the seven-syllable sentence is the result of the addition of the five-syllable one at the beginning of the line”emerged alongside the establishment of the regulated metrical rules,and it does not apply to the original seven-syllable sentence with multiple subject-verb structure.Therefore,the ability to omit two words cannot be used as an artistic criterion for a seven-syllable verse.
作者
郝若辰
Hao Ruochen(School of Literature,Nankai University)
出处
《韵律语法研究》
2023年第2期66-84,共19页
Studies in Prosodic Grammar
关键词
多主谓结构
三字脚
七言诗律化
4/3与2/2/3节奏
multi-subject-predicate structures
the three-character foot
metricalization of Sevensyllable verses
4/3 and 2/2/3 rhythm
