摘要
全球气候变暖和人口增长对小麦生产提出了更大的挑战.杂交小麦可以综合双亲有利性状,提高小麦抗生物和非生物胁迫能力,实现小麦高产、稳产、优质和绿色生产.但是,目前杂交小麦育种由于缺乏简单、绿色、实用的制种系统和强优势杂交组合尚难以大规模产业化.基于基因工程创制的第三代玉米、水稻杂交制种系统为杂交小麦制种系统研发提供了重要启发.相比于玉米和水稻,小麦染色体工程曾创制出一批小麦异染色体系和非整倍体,其中有些染色体、端体或易位系携有蓝粒、毛颈、非蜡质等植株或种子标记基因以及育性恢复基因可以直接用于某些不育基因的保持,其他一些特定染色体可采用基因工程等技术,仅需要向其导入有限的种子标记基因或恢复基因,即可实现对现有核不育系和细胞质不育系的升级改造,简化不育系的保持和繁殖,创制简单、绿色和实用的新型杂交小麦制种系统.本文简要综述了染色体工程在小麦雄性不育系、保持系和恢复系及新型杂交小麦制种系统创制中的应用进展,并对杂交小麦育种存在的问题,以及如何综合染色体工程与基因工程创制第三代杂交小麦制种系统进行了讨论与展望,为杂交小麦育种提供参考.
Human population growth and climate change pose a huge challenge for wheat production to meet future needs.Hybrid wheat has potential of increase productivity but the high costs of seed production and low heterosis will limit its commercial application.The allohexaploid nature provides wheat with a good level of genetic buffering to generate aneuploids and germplasms carrying alien chromosomes with visual markers and fertility-related traits that may be useful in hybrid production.Hybrid breeding systems developed in rice and corn using genes related to fertility and seed color greatly improved the efficiency of hybrid seed production suggests ways of developing hybrid wheat breeding systems through chromosome manipulation.Wheat wide crosses have produced germplasms potentially useful for hybrid wheat breeding,including lines with cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)and fertility restoration,along with lines carrying visually detectable traits such as blue-grain,hairy peduncle or non-waxy foliage that could be used as phenotypic markers for selecting hybrids or maintainer lines.This paper reviews the status of using wide crosses and chromosome engineering in hybrid wheat breeding.At present,three approaches are suggested for hybrid wheat production:(1)A three-lines method using CMS;(2)a two-lines method using genic male sterility(GMS);(3)chemical hybridizing agents(CHA).However,all the three methods have disadvantages and are not simple or efficient.The“XYZ”system in wheat is an example for using wheat-rye monosomic addition line MA5R as maintainer in producing hybrid wheat,where 5R contains a hairy peduncle marker and a restoration gene.The 4E-ms system using blue-grained wheat-Thinopyrum ponticum monosomic addition line MA4Ag as a maintainer for ms1 makes this system more practical,and is quite similar to the present third generation hybrid systems for hybrid production in rice and maize.Using gene editing,a new wheat GMS source was developed by knocking out three TDR(Tapetum Degeneration Retardation)Interaction Protein 2(TIP2)orthologs.This source can be maintained by a barley MA7H chromosome carrying a non-waxy(glossy)marker and a fertility restoration gene.For dominant GMS,the well-known Ms2 gene was labeled with the blue-grained Ba1 gene from 4Ag,and blue dwarf sterile lines combining Ms2,Ba1 and Rht10 were developed in both tetraploid and hexaploid wheat backgrounds.When these lines are crossed with white maintainer and restorer lines the progeny will consist of white fertile and blue sterile seeds.Unfortunately,not all alien chromosomes or segments introgressed into wheat contain both fertility restoration and seedmarker genes,but when developed their irregular transmission allows production of both hybrid seeds or maintainer male sterile lines.Thus,combination of gene editing to target fertility restoration genes,GMS genes,or genes conferring phenotypic markers on specific alien chromosomes in non-complementary translocation or telosomic lines could create plant materials to develop more efficient hybrid wheat production systems.
作者
王青
何梓铭
王利彬
亓增军
Qing Wang;Ziming He;Libin Wang;Zengjun Qi(Department of Life Science,Zaozhuang University,Zaozhuang 277160,China;State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China)
出处
《科学通报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第26期3129-3139,共11页
Chinese Science Bulletin
基金
江苏省种业振兴揭榜挂帅项目(JBGS(2021)013)资助。
关键词
小麦
蓝标型雄性不育系
杂交小麦制种技术
远缘杂交
wheat
blue-grained male sterile lines
heterosis hybrid wheat production systems
wide crosses
