摘要
梳理了黄河流域生态保护和经济发展现存的主要问题:下游宽河段治理对策同水沙条件不适应,水沙调控体系的主体构架尚未形成,中上游区域经济发展基础差、生态环境恶劣且水资源短缺。基于前人与现状黄河治理思路,提出黄河治理的对策:①宽河段治理采用“两道防线”与生态治河结合方案,即运用长距离高浓度管道输沙技术等手段,重构“二滩”农业集成、高滩移民建镇的功能空间,将依托高标准堤防的高滩解放出来;采用预制板桩组合坝结构高标准修建控导工程与防护堤,以加强第一道防线建设,发挥控制流路、束流输沙的作用,保障“二滩”设防流量下不遭受洪灾,将河势调整作为上中游水库调度运用的子目标,通过河道工程引导河势与提升输沙能力,实现宽滩区有效利用、中水河势稳定控制与特殊洪水行洪都适应的良性治理目标。②尽早修建古贤与黑山峡工程,构建黄河水沙调控体系的主体水库,通过全河水沙调控防灾促进流域生态建设与区域经济协调发展,这事关人口集中贫困区、革命老区、少数民族聚集区的社会经济发展,事关西部经济振兴与国家生态、粮食、能源安全和社会稳定大局。③利用现代工程措施改变侵蚀基准面,把黄土高原水土严重流失区改造成错落有致的相对平原,辅以生物措施,大量拦减入黄泥沙量并持续发挥生态效益。④实施西线南水北调与藏水外调工程,解决黄河流域和华北地区水资源紧缺状况与生态环境严重退化的问题,为国家供水安全、能源安全、粮食安全、生态安全提供水资源保障,这(藏水济黄)是关系中华民族永续发展的根本大计。
Problems in the Yellow River basin are as follows:the incompatibility between management strategies in the wide reaches of the⁃Lower Yellow River and water and sediment condition;the main frame of the water and sediment regulation system has not been formed;the upper and middle basin has poor economic development basis,harsh ecological environment and endures lack of water resources.Based on the previous and present management methods,the countermeasures for the training of the Yellow River are provided by this paper.a)Com⁃bining“two boundaries mode”and ecological management mode in the training of the wide reaches,using the long⁃distance high concentra⁃tion pipeline sediment transport technology and other methods to rebuild the functional spaces in the“newly⁃formed floodplains”and the“highly⁃formed floodplains”.Functional spaces in the“newly⁃formed floodplains”are for agricultural production and functional spaces in the“highly⁃formed floodplains”are free for resettlement.Using the precast plank⁃stake combination dyke technology to build high⁃level river training structures and protection embankments in the“first boundary”construction.The“first boundary”can play a role in the flow path control and sediment transportation.It can also protect the“newly⁃formed floodplains”under designed discharge.The regulation of the stream line is regarded as the sub⁃objective of the reservoir operation in the upper and middle reaches.Guide the stream line and promote the sedi⁃ment transport capacity through river training structures.Achieve the benign management target of the effective utilization of the wide flood⁃plains and the coadaptation of stream line stability under medium floods and specific floods conveyance.b)Construct the Guxian Project and the Heishanxia Project as soon as possible to establish main reservoirs of water and sediment regulation system in the Yellow River.The water and sediment regulation system in the Yellow River is beneficial in the disaster prevention and can promote the coordinated development of the ecological construction and regional economy in the Yellow River basin.It helps to promote the development of poverty⁃stricken areas,old revolutionary base areas and ethnic minority areas.It further promotes the economic revitalization of the west area and the overall situation of national ecology,food security,energy security and social stability.c)Use modern engineering measures to change the erosion datum level.Transform the serious soil and water loss areas on the Loess Plateau to well⁃arranged plains.Biological measures are supplemented to reduce the amount of sediment transported into the Yellow River and to exert ecological benefits persistently.d)The West Route of the South⁃to⁃North Water Transfer Project and the Water Transfer Project from Tibet can solve the water shortage situation and the trend of serious degra⁃dation of the ecological environment in the Yellow River basin and North China,providing water resources guarantee for national water supply security,energy security,food security and ecological security.The“Water Transfer from Tibet to the Yellow River”project is a fundamental plan for the sustainable development of China.
作者
张红武
ZHANG Hongwu(Yellow River Research Center,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)
出处
《人民黄河》
CAS
北大核心
2020年第3期1-10,16,共11页
Yellow River
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0402500)
关键词
治理对策
水沙调控
生态保护
水土保持
外流域调水
黄河流域
management strategy
water and sediment regulation
ecological protection
water and soil conservation
water transfer from oth⁃er basins
Yellow River basin
