摘要
复杂的政策世界需要模型化探索,它可以帮助人类简化认知,提供启示法,从而提高政策制定水平和改进政策质量。决策途径提供了一种看待政策过程的视角,理性决策模型是理解政策过程的基准理论,它强调用"偏好、备选方案、预期结果和选择"来指导政策实践。一旦理性决策模型不能够很好地解释政策过程中的事实时,学者们通过挑战它而提出了替代性的多样化决策模型,渐进主义模型、垃圾桶模型、适应性模型和混和扫描模型等是其典型代表。而另外一些学者在对理性决策模型辩护中,发展了具有独特政策话语和身份特征的阶段论,将政策过程划分为议程设定、政策形成、决策、政策执行和政策评估等五个阶段。后来的学者因为不满意阶段论的理论解释力,在寻找更好的理论过程中发展了一些具有鲜明决策特色的综合性过程理论,多源流框架、间断-均衡理论和制度分析与发展框架是其中的杰出代表。模型成功与否的判断标准是真、善、美,真是科学,善是正义,美是艺术。基于决策途径发展的政策过程模型在很大程度上实现了真、善、美的平衡,只要通过借鉴其他视角的知识和更好地与情景结合,仍然是有竞争力的理论模型。通过从决策途径来反思政策过程理论的发展,可以更好地从纵向时空和横向比较出发理解理论发展之路,对于建构具有中国本土特色的政策过程理论有重要的启发和借鉴意义。
The complexity of policy world should be explored by using models,which can simplify the cognition of human,provide heuristics,improve the levels of policy making and promote the quality of policy.The decision approach provides an important perspective for understanding policy process.And rational decision model is a baseline model for policy process,emphasizing the four core elements for the policy practice,namely preference,alternatives,consequences and choice.Once we cannot explain the policy process through the rational choice model,some scholars develop multiple models of decision-making as alternatives.Among them,they are as follows:incrementalism,garbage can model,logic of appropriateness,and mixed scanning model.At the same time some scholars develop the stage model of policy process based on the rational decision making.They think that the policy process could be divided into five stages,namely agenda setting,policy formation,decision making,policy implementation,and policy evaluation.Yet still many scholars feel that the stage model could not provide good explanation and they want to search for better theories.In this process,policy process theories become new labels for policy process.And they also could be called synthesis theories of policy process.From the perspective of decision making,there are three typical theories,namely multiple streams framework,Punctuated-equilibrium theory,and institutional analysis and development.We can evaluate the success of models by three criteria,truth,beauty and good.Truth means science,beauty means arts,good means justice.The models of decision making perspective realized the balance among the three criteria.In the future they are still the promising models when they can absorb the advantages from other perspectives and consider the context.We can better understand the evolution process and its logics of the theories of policy process through the historical and comparative dimensions based on the decision making perspectives,which will contribute a lot to build the Chinese style theory of policy process.
出处
《甘肃行政学院学报》
CSSCI
北大核心
2017年第6期46-67,共22页
Journal of Gansu Administration Institute
基金
中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)项目成果
项目批准号:17XNA006
关键词
公共政策过程
决策途径
理性决策模型
多样性决策模型
阶段论
综合理论
Policy process
Decision approach
Rational choice model
Multiple decision models
Stage model
Synthesis theories
